Data

Data
Data
Team Members	Kansas City MO City of Bellevue WA 100 Resilient Cities/Rockefeller Foundation Aspenworks Ltd KC Digital Drive ThinkBig Partners Center for Innovative Technology City Innovate Foundation Skayl Cisco XAQT University of California-Davis
Blueprint	Data

This set of 56 projects is managed by the data team and aims to address friction stakeholders experience in the deployment of or operations of IoT CyberPhysical systems. These include business case, privacy guidance, licensing frameworks, and citizen outreach. Additionally, the Data Supercluster is driven by an overarching intent to encourage grassroots, corporate and scholarly proofs of business value and economic sustainability in Smart and Secure Communities and Cities. The Data Supercluster continues to engage with industry leaders, Universities and Colleges, community leaders and solution providers to synthesize a value proposition and means to prove its economic and stakeholder value.

We're soliciting stakeholder engagement by sharing our research and relevant articles tagged by our team to help those with an Action Cluster proof in progress. Those who care to share their experiences in a Podcast format can contact Alex at aspen dot ai to participate in the Podcast series.

The DSC recognizes that regulation can impede and create friction in business and solutions. The DSC reflects the concept that a compass and map is more powerful to innovation and deployment more that step-by-step narrowly defined and approved approaches. We continue to see an acceleration in the technology used for visual processing, vibration analysis and determine the signal that is often hidden in the noise of end point data collectors.

A major trend that is shaping Data value, is the nature of interconnected Data sources, transfer points, and Cloud computing. The computing now taking place at the Edge of the network is crucial to security and privacy. By distributing the processing costs to powerful edge devices, costs decline and performance of the network is more predictable.

High value Data is available via over 2600 sites globally. The DSC vets and distributes lists of directories available for innovators to use in their Action Cluster planning and proof projects. The Data SuperCluster recognizes that Machine Learning and AI applications require high-value datasets, often provided by Cities / Communities as well as Citizens. Flexible open licensing encourage sharing and can help establish a life-cycle of value where derivative works carry a licensing framework that assures access rights to others building on the original data, inference engines, machine templates, and AI applications.

The DSC recognizes that community leaders by virtual of identifying the metrology around Smart Cities drive the evolution that supports that metrology.

By agreeing on what we measure, all cities can then apply the data in a manner that allows each of us to address our unique challenges regardless of the size, governance or location of our municipality. DSC encourages open data exchanges, that build paths between various value add functions in the emerging IoT and Internet interfaces.

In 2018, the SuperCluster merged with Data governance and exchange SuperCluster to create Data SuperCluster. Data governance and exchange is one of the primary challenges to the deployment of smart cities technologies today. The data governance challenge has two main components. Many cities have successfully implemented data management and open data solutions for public data.

There is not yet developed a comprehensive strategy for handling all of the data from thousands of IoT sensors available now and envisioned for the future. Cities are interested in IoT technology as a way to improve operations and the delivery of services. What is a standard, but flexible and customizable framework that will allow cities to use and exchange IoT data for public value while protecting public privacy and trust? GCTC’s Data governance and exchange SuperCluster aims to address the challenge of building a governance and exchange model for IoT data and a plan for governments to successfully customize and deploy it. The group will work to collect best practices and produce blueprints for data exchange and governance, as well as deployed proofs to share with other teams and stakeholders.

Chair(s)

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Activities

		Applying Open Data to inform future Smart City Design
		In order for cities and design professionals to have a more transparent understanding of the Climate Change impacts of potential building development, they must have a tool that provides quick and facile real time calculation linked to the weather data and utility information of an area, along with the potential energy usage. Between March 2016 and 2017: We would continue the development of our resource impact estimation tool, PlanIT Impact, to create design specific estimations that can be adjusted in an immersive, 3D digital space for optimal iteration and analysis. We would link to local utility data to estimate ROI, creating links with energy usage and green house gas impact, as this will help to inform (and shed light on possible gaps for incentives). We would apply this platform to the design and projected energy, water usage and storm water impact on a municipal building project as a prototype and replicable model of how resource impact projection affects actual usage. As an end user of Open Data and Smart City technologies, this also allows the City to showcase and realize the value of this data to their larger constituency.
		BigClouT
		BigClouT project aims at giving an analytic capability to cities exploiting available big data from sources such as IoT devices, open data, social networks, mobile applications, etc. and use them to improve the daily life of cities, their citizens and visitors. The target applications are: Measuring the economic impact of large events organized in the city to the local economy, providing customized recommendations to the visitors (shopping, restaurants, sightseeing, etc.) Improving the mobility of the citizens and visitors during important events such as big congresses, festivals, Olympic Games, etc. Deployments and replications in 4 pilot cities in Europe and in Japan
		Building an Open Data Ecosystem
		The "Building an Open Data Ecosystem" project in Leeds, United Kingdom aims to foster collaboration and innovation through the development of an open data ecosystem in the city.
		CITYDASH City-wide analytics dashboard from public and private data sources
		Data analytics and insights powered by machine intelligence for 4 target city departments: 311 crowd-sourced civic issues Recreation and Parks programs Crime reports and police data Building and Engineering permits
		CIVIC Data Platform
		CIVIC is an open data platform to democratize public information and drive meaningful engagement through neutral, nonpartisan analytics. It's built entirely by multidisciplinary teams of volunteer coders, designers and domain experts using open source technology.
		Central Data Management System
		The 'Central Data Management System' project in Vienna, Austria aims to establish a comprehensive and efficient data management framework for the city. Led by the City of Vienna's Department of Data Management, the project seeks to centralize data storage, ensure data quality and security, and streamline data access and sharing processes.
		Citizen App
		Citizen App, the first of its kind, empower individuals to claim and legally own their data from across multiple sources, then use it securely and seamlessly in everyday life.
		City Insight Platform- Communities in Context
		Using data from the city, state and federal level Vizalytics will create a City Insight Platform. This will provide users with a real-time view of what is happening in a neighborhood, and can be refined by choosing which lens to view- from socio-economic indices, business climate, transportation, infrastructure, quality of life and more.
		Combating Urban Blight in the New York Capital Region and Mohawk Valley
		Urban blight is a city and regional level problem that impacts social and economic opportunities, among others, of those who live and work in cities. This project is focused on piloting a shared policy, management, and technology infrastructure that will allow four cities within the NYS capital region to share information about properties in a way that enables new insights into and action focused on urban blight. With funding from the NYS Department of State, the Cities of Schenectady, Troy, Amsterdam, and Gloversville have partnered with the Center for Technology in Government (CTG), University at Albany, to develop the technical, policy, and organizational capabilities needed within and across the cities to interrupt the cycle of blight in their communities. The results of the pilot will be made available for application regionally and statewide. Future work will include integrating additional data types (e.g. video) and sources (e.g. sensor technologies).
		Constituent-led Public Data and IoT Utility for Urban Health Housing and Environmental Hazard Management
		Objectives Build upon a Smart City blueprint, playbook, and coalition of Oakland communities to convene, share, and learn what’s possible with data, IoT, and Smart Cities then use that knowledge to co-create projects and programs germane to each constituency, micro-community, and individual sets of needs Leverage the coalitions to hunt and gather data for addition to a shared Public Data & IoT Utility to be operated and run as a shared data service for micro-communities to build political will, businesses to grow, and collective voice to be used to address micro- or meta-level risks and opportunities Leverage people, processes, and technology to collectively address issues of unsafe Bay Area Housing Environments to co-create inclusive solutions and investment opportunities to resolve the housing crisis and improve health region-wide Focus on short and long-term positive outcomes associated with sustainable Smart City solutions, and maintain a cadence of speed and success delivering projects to address current issues for constituents, businesses, and government agencies generated by past programs, policies, and investments like failing infrastructure, legacy lead poisoning, and institutionalized racism
		Coral Gables Smart City Hub Public Platform
		The City of Coral Gables promotes the development of a smart city ecosystem that fosters innovation by bringing together through technology People, Businesses, Organizations, Things, and Systems. By leveraging strategic planning and innovation, the City’s digital transformation and smart initiatives can benefit our citizens with continual improvement to customer service and quality of life. Our smart city plan implements several interconnected and interoperable elements that include a Smart City Hub, Data Platforms, Internet of Things, and a robust and resilient technology infrastructure with high-speed communications.
		Data.gov
		Data.gov is a website operated by the U.S. federal government that provides access to datasets and other resources related to government activities and policies. It is intended to make government data more easily accessible to the public, with the goal of increasing transparency and enabling citizens to better understand and engage with their government. Data.gov offers a wide variety of data sets and resources, including data on topics such as agriculture, education, energy, finance, health, and more. The website also includes tools and resources for developers, such as APIs and code libraries, to help people use the data in creative and innovative ways.
		Decision Theatre PSU
		Portland State University’s Decision Theater is designed for university researchers and regional stakeholders (i.e. government, private companies) to work on projects that “link data sets, visualization and decisions,” according to a university statement. The space is modeled after Arizona State University's Decision Theater, as well as a similar facility at the University of Chicago.
		DigiTel Resident Card
		The City of Tel Aviv has undergone a transformation to become a “smart city” that uses technology to improve the City Hall administration and its citizens’ lives. Through programs such as the DigiTel Residents Club and the DigiTel mobile application, Tel Aviv offers innovative electronic services to its population and is searching ways to make citizens interested in how the city works. Throughout the process, Tel Aviv has worked closely with Microsoft to find the best ways to achieve its vision of a smart city.
		Digital Strategy Borchen-Etteln
		To further increase the quality of life for all people in Borchen-Etteln and to develop the economic, social and ecological potential. In doing so, we take into account the interests of all age groups
		Digital Twin: Infectious Disease Management
		Link time, spatial and sensor data with existing enterprise data to enable new insights.
		Digital Twin: Manufacturing Quality Control Via Remote Operator
		The post-Covid world necessitates remote verification of manufacturing components – in real-time, as they are conveyed across the manufacturing line.
		Dwellingly
		Dwelling.ly is an app to improve communication between the landlord providing transitional housing and the social workers who support them.
		Emergency Communication Services
		Establishes a practical approach for management of emergency and incident response with a common operating picture.
		Estimation of De Facto Population
		Key Deliverables The starting point for us was this simple question; “Why does the public service demand keep growing as the resident population in Seoul is in decline? With pricier real estate, more citizens live outside Seoul, but commute to work and shop. How can we estimate the amount of citizens using public services in Seoul? It is the residents of the city plus those who work there during specific hours, but this is difficult to measure. A term from OECD, “de facto population,” is a concept under which individuals (or vital events) are recorded (or are attributed) to the geographical area where they were present (or occurred) at a specified time.
		Family CARE - Caregiver 2.0
		Presence Caregiver learns daily activity patterns and can warn caregivers, family members and friends about incidents of concern with text alerts of potential hazards including falls, water leaks and wandering.
		GIS Resources from the Oregon Department of Forestry
		Oregon Department of Forestry's GIS Data is maintained by the Information Technology Department's GIS Unit.
		GO-PS Gyeonggi Open Platform for SmartCity
		GO⋅PS is a smart city standard platform to utilize the element technology of the age of 4th Industrial Revolution as a means to solve urban problems. The Gyeonggi Province of Korea, along with Gyeonggi Research Institute (GRI) and Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), is currently creating and operating an industry-academia-related consultative body to create a sustainable business model. GO⋅PS matches companies, research institutes, and academics according to the demand of public urban matters, and uses its technologies, research works, and consulting methods to create solutions for problems and have them collected on the platform. The GO・PS is currently comprised of three large departments namely, Smart Transport, Smart Energy, and Smart Healthcare. (It is planned to be expanded with more departments in the future)
		Global Digital Single Market for Smart Cities FIWARE
		The project will demonstrate the potential impact of creating a digital single market for smart cities based on the adoption of a minimum common set of de-facto platform standards enabling solutions to interoperate within, and be replicable across, multiple cities.
		Go-Green
		GoGreen aims to help people understand the impact of small sustainable gestures on their communities through technology. It presents itself as a community rewards system where participating points providers can define actions that support their communities objectives and reward people for taking them. For the users they see a marketplace of options along with rewards based on secure blockchain based smart contracts for supportive behavior.
		Home Automation
		Step by step process of automating a home using various technologies.
		I3 Consortium Action Cluster
		The I3 project is creating a tool that will allow independent device owners to directly manage how the data streams from their IOT devices are delivered to applications. Opensource Project software includes support for privacy, trust, and incentive management. Requirements and proof-of-concepts complete. Consortium management structure in process. Demonstration systems in process. R1.0 beta software in design.
		Illuminating Smart Cities: Kansas City Runs on IoT Platform
		Kansas City, MO (KCMO) and its partners have designed and implemented an IoT platform to develop a smart city network, starting with Kansas City’s streetcar starter line in their Downtown area. Based on this initial site, the team has will implement a model that would make Kansas City the largest smart city network in North America.
		India Stack
		India Stack is the moniker for a set of open APIs and digital public goods that aim to unlock the economic primitives of identity, data, and payments at population scale.
		Lutece
		Lutece is an open source platform developed by the City of Paris to help you develop digital solutions. Honed for cities’ use through almost 20 years of development, Lutece has evolved into multifaceted platform with more than 400 plugins and modular architecture that will enable your specific needs and enhance your users' digital experience.
		Neighborhood Data for Social Change
		The Neighborhood Data for Social Change (NDSC) platform is a free, publicly available online resource for civic actors to learn about their communities.
		Open 988
		988 has been designated as the new three-digit dialing code that will route callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. While some areas may be currently able to connect to the Lifeline by dialing 988, this dialing code will be available to everyone across the United States starting on July 16, 2022.
		Open Data STREAMS
		This project involves an evaluation framework for open datasets published by the City of Portland. The goal is to create a data analysis tool which provides quality assurance for datasets made available between bureaus and to the public.
		Open Network for Education and Skilling Transactions
		Beckn-based Open Network for Education and Skilling Transactions (ONEST)
		Open Participatory Budgeting
		Participatory budgeting (PB) is process in which citizens decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget through a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making. Participatory budgeting allows citizens or residents of a locality to identify, discuss, and prioritize public spending projects, and gives them the power to make real decisions about how money is spent.
		Open platform for scalable and multi-domain IoT applications for smart cities
		Objectives To adopt FIWARE as a flexible framework to build multi domain Internet of Things applications. To prove the easy replicability of a FIWARE based IoT application on preventing environmental disasters deployed in Genoa, in another IoT application on smart smart parking needed in Milan. To prove the interoperability between an open platform deployed in Turin for implementing a waste management application and FIWARE.
		OpenGrid
		OpenGrid is an interactive, map-based platform for exploring open data sets in an easy-to-use, map-based interface. OpenGrid enables municipalities to offer residents, businesses, and communities a better way to interact with public data. Users can perform advanced queries to filter data as well as search within custom boundaries or based on the user's location.
		Oregon Data Catalog
		The Oregon Data Catalog is a platform for managing and publishing data sets that are relevant to the state of Oregon in the United States. The platform is based on CKAN, which is a free and open-source software platform for managing and publishing data.
		Personal Access System for Services (PASS)
		Social services are programs or services designed to support individuals and communities in need. They provide assistance with basic needs such as food, housing, and clothing, as well as health and medical care, education and job training, child care, support for individuals with disabilities or mental health conditions, and aging and elder care. These services are intended to improve the quality of life for individuals and communities and help individuals achieve self-sufficiency.
		Personalized Dashboard for the Residents
		YoGov and the City of San Leandro partnered to create an Amazon-like dashboard for city residents, helping residents quickly and easily find services most relevant to them. The dashboard also promotes city services, events, and news that are important to the city.
		PortlandMaps - Open Data
		PortlandMaps delivers site-specific property information, neighborhood crime statistics, aerial photos, school information, and tons of additional map data for the City of Portland and beyond.
		Protecting user Data in the Smart City scenario
		Data is exchanged intensively within a Smart City, the correct usage of such information is vital to provide a better service to the citizens. Protecting user’s details is the key of a broader adoption of any application with intense data exchange and exploitation.
		Resilience HUB - East Multnomah
		Resilience Hubs are community-serving facilities augmented to support residents and coordinate resource distribution and services before, during, or after a natural hazard event. They leverage established, trusted, and community-managed facilities that are used year-round as neighborhood centers for community-building activities. Resilience Hubs can equitably enhance community resilience while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving local quality of life for our communities. They have the potential to reduce burden on local emergency response teams, improve access to public health initiatives, increase the effectiveness of community-centered institutions and programs.
		Saitama City Smart Community Project
		We developed a Smart Community Information Platform (SCIP) for achieving security and privacy management of smart city data and providing smart city data services considering time-, privacy-, and location- critical problems. We are implementing the information platform for providing smart town services for 32,000 residents in 230-hectare area of Misono Town, Saitama City as a testing site of SCIP.
		Smart Beyoğlu: Digital Recollection of Beyoğlu
		Smart Beyoğlu is a mobile application project which provides fast access to all transactions related to the municipality and solutions for the citizens and business owners in Beyoğlu. Local and foreign tourists can get a lot of information such as details, location of business, hotels, restaurants etc., historical buildings and cultural events. It is a mobile app project that allows them to set up a network.
		Smart Cities Dashboard in the City of Bellevue WA
		Install a pilot GIS-based visual dashboard to provide improvements in the following sectors: Safety and security – provide greater coverage and more efficient deployment of emergency services Transportation – provide better street lighting and traffic control Operational efficiencies – improve efficiency of water distribution, energy efficiency in buildings, response times, and reduce costs Interactive citizen engagement – keeping residents and tourists better informed Improve communications and information sharing between departments
		Smart City Vision Strategic Planning and Digital Transformation Methodology
		* The Smart City methodology helps people imagine and learn about future state scenarios for their lives, businesses, and cities. The process produces clearly defined product solutions and projects they want to create, design, and implement. The methodology can be used to introduce people who have little to no knowledge about Smart Cities and facilitate learning experiences that create and build well-versed leaders who can drive, manage, and support Smart City initiatives. Digital Transformation aspects will include key performance indicators and checkpoints to ensure teams remain on course until goals and future vision are realized. We are submitting this methodology for consideration and use with the Education SuperCluster and Action Teams to help define what each group would like to create for the SuperCluster and how they want to interface with the existing SuperClusters to integrate and amplify existing knowledge within the GCTC.
		SynchroniCity
		The opportunities presented by technology are endless. However, societies are still struggling to get long-lasting value out of it, contributing to local priorities. How do we ensure that technology respects our privacy, enables us to live in a more sustainable way and helps us lead a happier life? It has become clear that we need to rethink and improve our development of technology in order to create better living conditions for people. For this reason, we created SynchroniCity, opening up a global market, where cities and businesses develop IoT- and AI-enabled services through pilots to improve the lives of citizens and grow local economies.
		Taipei Smart City Living Lab
		* Taipei has been transformed into a living lab through the efforts of public-private partnership. The matchmaking mechanism efficiently solves city problems and citizen demands, as well as instantly promoting government plans and integrating private resources. It is a much more positive and comprehensive approach, compared to the methods adopted by other cities, promoting their projects either in a top-down or bottom-up fashion. Once this matching mechanism matures, Taiwan’s smart city industry will be in full motion and many solutions will be quickly copied by other international cities. At that point, Taipei will become a focal point for the smart city brand and best practice model.
		Taoyuan Mobile Citizen Card
		In respond to the needs of mobile payment and the popularization of mobile devices, Taoyuan City Government works with telecom companies and e-ticket companies to integrate the citizen card into the sim card of a mobile phone so that citizens are allowed to enjoy all the functions and service of a citizen card on their phone such as borrowing books, taking trains/metros/buses, renting Ubikes, purchasing at a convenience store, accumulating bonuses, etc., and getting special discounts at certain stores. Citizens are thus given more options in ways to use their citizen cards.

... further results

Webinars

		Civic Platform
		The CIVIC Platform is made possible by the Civic Software Foundation, a non-profit organization bringing data science, modern tech, and civic willpower together to create a force for public good.
		Cryptography
		Making data and identity security easy to use and private is our mission. We sweat every detail to ensure the best experience possible while maintaining the highest level of security. Tozny’s solution allows us to take that security to the next level, and ensures that our client’s most sensitive data is as protected as possible.
		Eclipse Smart City
		The Eclipse sensiNact project consists of a software platform enabling the collection, processing and redistribution of any data relevant to improving the quality of life of urban citizens, program
		FIWARE Platform
		The FIWARE Community is an independent Open Community whose members are commited to materialise the FIWARE mission, that is: “to build an open sustainable ecosystem around public, royalty-free and implementation-driven software platform standards that will ease the development of new Smart Applications in multiple sectors”. The FIWARE Community is not only formed by contributors to the technology (the FIWARE platform) but also those who contribute in building the FIWARE ecosystem and making it sustainable over time.
		Go-Green Webinar
		GoGreen aims to help people understand the impact of small sustainable gestures on their communities through technology. It presents itself as a community rewards system where participating points providers can define actions that support their communities objectives and reward people for taking them. For the users they see a marketplace of options along with rewards based on secure blockchain based smart contracts for supportive behavior.
		Hack Oregon
		Hack Oregon is a rapid prototyping lab in Portland Oregon, taking a creative approach to data projects that bring insight to complex issues in the public interest. We’re a nonprofit, our teams are made of volunteers, and all the work we do is open source.
		IES-City Framework
		Two barriers currently exist to effective and powerful smart city solutions. First, many current smart city ICT deployments are based on custom systems that are not interoperable, portable across cities, extensible, or cost-effective. Second, a number of architectural design efforts are currently underway (e.g. ISO/IEC JTC1, IEC, IEEE, ITU and consortia) but have not yet converged, creating uncertainty among stakeholders. To reduce these barriers, NIST and its partners convened an international public working group to compare and distil from these architectural efforts and city stakeholders a consensus framework of common architectural features to enable smart city solutions that meet the needs of modern communities.
		IOTA Enabling the Smart City
		IOTA’s Tangle is an open, feeless and scalable distributed ledger, designed to support frictionless data and value transfer.
		Making Government Contracting Better
		A modern economy needs a smart, data-driven government contracting ecosystem. Our mission is to bring governments, businesses, citizens and open data together to build one.
		Mobelizing Data to Create Data Markets
		The boundary between the physical and the digital has disappeared. Our health, our finances, our shopping, our things - they are now fully digitized and exist in the form of data. This webinar will discuss how this data can be mobelized to create markets. The presentation will discuss 2 case studies on the markets forming around finance and health data.
		Neighborhood Data for Social Change Platform
		The Neighborhood Data for Social Change (NDSC) platform is a free, publicly available online resource for civic actors to learn about their communities.
		OMG and IIC Structure and activities
		Stephen Mellor is the Chief Technical Officer for the Industrial Internet Consortium, where he directs the standards requirements and technology & security priorities for the Industrial Internet. In that role, he coordinates the activities of the several engineering, architecture, security and testbed working groups and teams. He also co-chairs both the Definitions, Taxonomy and Reference Architecture workgroup and the Use Cases workgroup for the NIST CPS PWG (National Institute for Standards and Technology Cyberphysical System Public Working Group).
		Open urban platform
		The open urban platform (OUP) is a new digital urban infrastructure, comprising a set of policy agreements, national and international legislation, standards and their technical implementation, under the direction of a local or other governmental authority. This meeting is an opportunity to discuss the Aim standardization advisory group with its Chair Frans Jorna, Director digital city and innovation City of Almere.
		Oregon State Data Strategy and Data Literacy Initiative
		The Oregon Data Strategy provides enterprise leadership and a long-term approach for how the State will govern data as a critical asset and critical infrastructure, along with direct actions over the coming biennium (2021-2023) to set Oregon on the path for success.
		Private Data Objects
		As interest in Hyperledger Sawtooth grows, robust SDKs continue to be important for helping developers innovate on this blockchain platform. Since mobile is one of the most popular application platforms, it is crucial to extend Sawtooth to support native iOS and Android application development.
		Smart City Saitama
		We founded a consortium, called Smart City Project (SCP), inviting 27 global leading companies from each sector relevant to Smart City. At SCP, Smart City was defined based on 5 layers and 10 areas. This clarified at which segments each company’s solutions fall into. With bird’s eyes view across 5 layers / 10 areas, we examined solutions to ensure the entire optimization.
		Solid
		Solid is a new project led by Tim Berners-Lee, taking place at MIT. The project aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.
		Teaching Open Source
		Professors from Western New England University and Drexel University share their knowledge, resources and experience teaching open source.
		Tecnologico Monterrey
		Through educational experiences Tecnológico de Monterrey form people who become agents of change willing to be even more competitive in order to benefit all, with a clear focus on being instead of having, on serving others instead of possessing things; people who are responsible for their own lives, aware of the fact that their actions may promote the transformation of others.
		TriMet’s Hop Fastpass—Open Architecture in Fare Payment
		Hop’s open architecture allows TriMet to capitalize on changing technologies or falling costs, avoiding expensive, cumbersome negotiations with a proprietary systems integrator that is set-up to profit from changes to the fare payment system over time.