SandBox

		[[Active Transit]]
		Active transit, also known as active transportation, refers to forms of transportation that rely on human power, such as walking, cycling, and using mobility aids like wheelchairs. It also includes using public transportation like buses, subways, and trams. Active transit encourages active living, as it requires physical activity, and it can help to improve public health, reduce air pollution, and decrease dependence on fossil fuels.
		[[Age-Inclusive Communities]]
		An age-inclusive community is a community that is designed to be accessible and inclusive for people of all ages.
		[[Agroforestry]]
		Agroforestry is a land-use management system that combines the cultivation of crops and/or animals with the management of trees and other woody plants.
		[[Artificial Intelligence]]
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that deals with the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
		[[Autonomous Vehicles]]
		In the last few years, there has been a major shift in the outlook for autonomous vehicles, not just in the headlines, but with investment and a serious development effort from almost every player in the auto and industrial technology industries.
		[[Benefit, Value and Return on Investment (ROI) Considerations]]
		Smart buildings are one “bottom up” component of a smart city. They incorporate advanced and integrated digital technologies, algorithms and analytics, to bring new and significant value to tenants, building owners and operators. These benefits range from increased tenant productivity, comfort, a safe and healthy environment, lower operating costs, and higher satisfaction. While the benefits and Return on Investment (ROI) of smart buildings are well documented for tenants, occupants, and building owners and operators, similar information for cities is limited at best.
		[[Benefits and Cybersecurity and Privacy Risks]]
		Cities and communities stand to harvest unprecedented benefits from advances in information and communications technologies (ICT), in general, and Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular. Smart cities inevitably introduce new or heighten existing cyber risks, which demand proper consideration in design to ensure the optimal realization of intended Smart City outcomes.
		[[Business Continuity]]
		Business continuity refers to the processes and procedures an organization puts in place to ensure that critical business functions can continue during and after an unexpected disruption, such as a natural disaster, cyber attack, or power outage.
		[[Business Models]]
		In October of 2016, Citigroup released a report INFRASTRUCTURE FOR GROWTH The dawn of a new multi-trillion dollar asset class estimating that the global market for infrastructure investments will reach $59 trillion within the next fifteen years. The report observed that transportation infrastructure would account for a large portion of this market. Cities that are able to establish themselves as viable “living laboratories” where new infrastructure and technologies can be deployed and tested will capture a larger portion of this economic pie.
		[[Case Studies]]
		This chapter section will feature several real-world case studies provided by the Public Wi-Fi SuperCluster Leadership team. Cities have achieved economic development, digital inclusion, emergency communications, rural connectivity, tourist attractions, and much more.
		[[Case Study Summary Findings & Discussion]]
		During the development of this Blueprint, the authorship team conducted a series of case study interviews of local government agencies in the United States and Canada known to have deployed IoT networks. The team spoke with the cities of San Diego; San Leandro, CA; Calgary, AB Canada; and the County of San Mateo, CA. Below is a summary of the key findings from these case studies.
		[[City Resilience]]
		The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.
		[[Communications Networks]]
		Communications networks are systems of interconnected devices, technologies, and infrastructure that are used to transmit information and data between different points. They can be wired or wireless and can be used for various forms of communication such as voice, text, data, images, and video.
		[[Communications and Broadband]]
		Communications and broadband are integral components of modern connectivity, playing a crucial role in the exchange of information, fostering global collaboration, and driving economic development. This page explores the definitions, technologies, and the impact of communications and broadband on societies around the world.
		[[Community Development]]
		Community development is a broad term that refers to the process of improving the quality of life for the people living in a particular community.
		[[Community Engagement]]
		Community engagement refers to the process of involving and working with members of a community to address issues and make decisions that affect the community.
		[[Community Resilience]]
		Community resilience refers to the ability of a community to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adverse situations or shocks. These challenges can range from natural disasters and economic downturns to social and health crises. Resilient communities are better equipped to bounce back, maintain essential functions, and thrive in the face of adversity.
		[[Connected Vehicles]]
		Connected urban speed electric AVs can operate without traffic signals. They can synchronize their behavior through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications at junctions and can operate at safe speeds that change by location and road conditions. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications can be used to activate street lights, get updated route information, open doors, and receive scheduling information.
		[[Conservation Agriculture]]
		Conservation agriculture (CA) is a farming system that emphasizes the use of sustainable practices to protect the natural resources and biodiversity, while maintaining or increasing crop yields.
		[[Considerations for Deploying Municipal IoT]]
		Perhaps the most fundamental decision government agencies will make regarding IoT networks is how the IoT network will be built and what the business model and ownership structure will be. The current consensus is that there will likely be two primary paths for IoT network deployments, with a third, less ubiquitous option serving as a “catch-all” classification for anything that does not squarely fit within the first two.
		[[Cybersecurity and Privacy Risk Management]]
		“The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the declining costs of sensors and cloud computing are disrupting the building industry as more organizations retrofit or build out new smart buildings. There are numerous benefits of smart building technology ranging from occupant comfort and safety to improved efficiency and sustainability. However, the proliferation of smart building technology increases the risk of a cyberattack on vulnerable endpoints that need to be protected. In most cases security has not been built in when it comes to deploying smart building point solutions, thus expanding the risk exposure. Organizations must take a security-first approach to deploying smart building technology and migrate to a security fabric architecture to improve the organization’s security posture”. (IDC InfoBrief sponsored by Fortinet)
		[[Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]
		Cybersecurity for buildings is not just about preventing inconvenience or financial loss. It's also about protecting physical safety, personal privacy, and the overall integrity of the functions and services that buildings provide. As buildings become increasingly digitized and integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) cybersecurity in buildings becomes crucial.
		[[Data Sovereignty]]
		Data sovereignty refers to the idea that individuals and organizations have the right to control their own data and determine how it is collected, stored, used, and shared.
		[[Designing and Implementing a Resilient Smart Public Safety Program]]
		To be successful, a smart city technology solution mus t mature from a pilot that meets research and development goals, to a sustainable system that can be replicated or scaled to provide key capabilities that respond to operational requirements, while driving further innovation in a broader, more responsive ecosystem. The ability for projects to provide expanding impact into multiple areas (with primary and secondary benefits) is a key consideration for technology applications to support S&CC.
		[[Digital Twins]]
		A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or system that can be used for various purposes such as simulation, analysis, and control. It is typically created using data from sensors and other sources to replicate the object's behavior and characteristics, and can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, aerospace, and infrastructure.
		[[Disaster Recovery]]
		This Focus Area of the Smart Public Safety initiative describes planning considerations for research and development (R&D) to enhance the ability of Smart & Connected Communities to efficiently manage the recovery of community functions and restoration of economic and social stability following regional or large-scale disasters and civil emergencies.
		[[E-Worksite]]
		Construction sites are the source of material waste, visible dust, noise, and vibration. Construction and demolition sites also produce less obvious pollutants which are of serious concern for human health, namely NO2 and particulate matter. Combined with increasing urbanization trends and a fast-growing global population, it goes without saying that construction is here to stay. This chapter explores technologies that electrify construction equipment.
		[[Economic Development]]
		Economic development refers to the process of improving the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and retaining jobs, increasing the tax base and promoting sustainable economic growth.
		[[Education and Training]]
		Education and training refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits through various methods such as teaching, research, and self-study.
		[[Efficiency and Productivity]]
		Efficiency and productivity are important factors in the functioning and success of cities. A city that is efficient and productive is able to provide its citizens with high-quality services, a strong economy, and a high standard of living.
		[[Electric Cars Energy Savings]]
		Electric vehicles (EVs) can provide significant energy savings compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The exact amount of energy savings will depend on a variety of factors, including the specific EV model, the type of battery it uses, and the efficiency of the charging system.
		[[Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure]]
		The electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is still in the early stages of development, but it is growing rapidly as more and more people adopt EVs.
		[[Electric and Hybrid Vehicles]]
		The availability of electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs and HEVs) has been increasing in recent years, as more manufacturers have begun to produce and market these types of vehicles.
		[[Electrification]]
		Electrifying everything refers to replacing our fossil-fuel economy with wind, solar, hydro, electric vehicles, heat pumps, and a masterfully designed electric grid that allows a two-way transfer of energy.
		[[Emergency Preparedness]]
		This section addresses the integration of traditional public safety and response into the broader scope of overall community preparedness, planning, and response. It deals with the development and coordination of multi-team systems of emergency response agencies with supporting and secondary organizations that interface directly with front-line responders during a disaster or civil emergency. Collectively, these organizations occupy the inner and second circles of Figure 2, and constitute the combined response capability of a community, jurisdiction, or region , and may be augmented by additional resources deployed through Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMAC) with adjacent states or jurisdictions or from federal sources, such as FEMA and other agencies.
		[[Emergency Support Functions]]
		FEMA Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) may be selectively activated for both Stafford Act and non-Stafford Act incidents. Not all incidents requiring Federal support result in the activation of ESFs. For Stafford Act incidents, the National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) or Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC) may activate specific ESFs or other Federal agencies (OFAs) by directing appropriate departments and agencies to initiate the actions delineated in the ESF Annexes.
		[[Family Farming]]
		Family farming is a type of agricultural production that is owned and operated by a family, with most of the labor provided by family members.
		[[Floods]]
		The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.
		[[Freight]]
		Electrification and automation are transforming the freight transportation industry in a number of ways.
		[[Funding Models]]
		Three primary business models clearly emerge for today’s Public Wi-Fi projects.
		[[Geographic Location Systems]]
		A Geographic Location System (GLS) is a technology that uses various methods to determine the location of a device or object on the earth's surface.
		[[Glossary]]
		Glossary
		[[Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]
		This section explores why the buildings need to be efficient, responsive, and able to interact with the electrical grid in a way that benefits both the building owner and the grid as a whole and what KPIs can be used to measure the effectiveness of the grid-connected buildings.
		[[High Speed Rail]]
		High-speed rail (HSR) is a type of train service that is designed to travel at speeds of over 125 miles per hour (200 km/h).
		[[History of Public WiFi]]
		The dreams and aspirations of a municipal Wi-Fi system aren’t new: provide free, high-speed internet to your community, close the digital divide, shrink the homework gap, and give consumers a free, public option for internet service. It’s not hard to see why the concept has remained so popular over the years.
		[[Hyperloop]]
		Hyperloop is a proposed mode of transportation that uses a high-speed train that travels through a vacuum-sealed tube. The idea was first proposed by Elon Musk in 2013, who suggested that the technology could be used to travel between major cities at speeds of up to 700 miles per hour.
		[[Impacts to Municipal Governments of IoT Networks]]
		The Municipal IoT will probably have numerous impacts to state and local government agencies and their operations. In a sense, this is the heart of this Blueprint paper, and the essential reason for its existence. IoT networks have the potential to improve greatly the way we deliver services, reduce operating costs, improve the economy and commerce, promote better environmental stewardship, and provide opportunities for digital equity and access – leading to developments in tourism, breakthroughs in transportation and transit, and so much more. While this list of potential use cases is by no means exhaustive, it provides an introduction for government leaders as to what they should start looking for when it comes to the potential impacts of IoT networks.
		[[Infrastructure]]
		The infrastructure of a city refers to the underlying physical systems and facilities that are necessary for the functioning of the city and the well-being of its residents. A typical city's infrastructure may include:
		[[Intelligence Augmentation]]
		AI stands for Artificial Intelligence, and IA stands for Intelligence Augmentation. Both are related to the field of computer science, but they have different focuses.
		[[Intelligent Building]]
		An Intelligent Building (IB) is a type of building that uses digital technology to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of building management.

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