Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure - Revision history

Pinfold at 05:57, May 9, 2025

2025-05-09T05:57:27Z

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	[[File:Building Connected City Services & Infrastructure ~~KPI’s~~.jpg\|520px\|center]]		[[File:Building Connected City Services & Infrastructure KPIs.jpg\|520px\|center]]
	<div style='text-align: center;'>'''Figure 1: Relationship of the three H-KPI levels of the Building Connected City Services & Infrastructure </br> ( In the web version clicking on the particular component of the diagram will take you to the relevant text section)'''</div>		<div style='text-align: center;'>'''Figure 1: Relationship of the three H-KPI levels of the Building Connected City Services & Infrastructure </br> ( In the web version clicking on the particular component of the diagram will take you to the relevant text section)'''</div>

Pinfold at 18:00, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T18:00:07Z

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	{{Chapter		{{Chapter
	\|image=~~Smart~~ Buildings with City Services.jpg~~\|thumb]]~~		\|image=Underground Buildings with City Services.jpg
	\|poc=Heather Ipsen		\|poc=Heather Ipsen
	\|authors=Heather Ipsen, Manfred Zapka, Jiri Skopek		\|authors=Heather Ipsen, Manfred Zapka, Jiri Skopek

Pinfold at 17:56, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T17:56:19Z

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	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>

	===[[Smart Water Conservation~~\|Smart_Water]]~~ ===		===Smart Water Conservation ===

	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.

Pinfold at 17:55, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T17:55:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, July 31, 2023
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	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>

	===Smart Water Conservation ~~[[https://opencommons.org/~~\|Smart_Water]] ===		===[[Smart Water Conservation\|Smart_Water]] ===

	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.

Pinfold at 17:53, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T17:53:31Z

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	==Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure==		==Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure==

	=== ~~Smart Exterior Lighting~~ [[Smart_Lighting\|Smart Exterior Lighting]] ===		===[[Smart_Lighting\|Smart Exterior Lighting]]===
	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Smart Exterior Building Lighting and Streetlight infrastructure is the perfect platform to deploy smart city technologies and services using connected devices and a low-bandwidth wireless network. This approach is aligned with the utility industry as a whole. Changing inefficient HID lighting with LED streetlights is a good place to start, but what if a streetlight was capable of more than simply lighting a street? Municipalities across the country are looking toward streetlight assets to lower civic costs, increase efficiencies, drive economic growth, engage citizens, and improve city life. Partnership with a local utility company is critical to take this step toward becoming a smarter city.		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Smart Exterior Building Lighting and Streetlight infrastructure is the perfect platform to deploy smart city technologies and services using connected devices and a low-bandwidth wireless network. This approach is aligned with the utility industry as a whole. Changing inefficient HID lighting with LED streetlights is a good place to start, but what if a streetlight was capable of more than simply lighting a street? Municipalities across the country are looking toward streetlight assets to lower civic costs, increase efficiencies, drive economic growth, engage citizens, and improve city life. Partnership with a local utility company is critical to take this step toward becoming a smarter city.
	An integral part of smart city initiatives are “smart poles”, which blend multiple services into one urban infrastructure, functioning as lighting, telecommunication antennas, security surveillance, environmental monitors, electric vehicle charging stations, traffic management systems, emergency service providers, and digital signage platforms. They carry energy-efficient LED lighting, 4G or 5G network coverage, Wi-Fi hotspots, CCTV cameras, air quality and weather sensors, EV chargers, traffic sensors, emergency buttons, and digital screens for information display. The data they gather aids in informed urban planning and city management, enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and livability of urban environments.</span></div>		An integral part of smart city initiatives are “smart poles”, which blend multiple services into one urban infrastructure, functioning as lighting, telecommunication antennas, security surveillance, environmental monitors, electric vehicle charging stations, traffic management systems, emergency service providers, and digital signage platforms. They carry energy-efficient LED lighting, 4G or 5G network coverage, Wi-Fi hotspots, CCTV cameras, air quality and weather sensors, EV chargers, traffic sensors, emergency buttons, and digital screens for information display. The data they gather aids in informed urban planning and city management, enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and livability of urban environments.</span></div>

Pinfold at 17:52, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T17:52:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, July 31, 2023
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	==Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure==		==Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure==

	=== Smart Exterior Lighting [[~~https://opencommons.org/~~Smart_Lighting \|Smart Exterior Lighting ]] ===		=== Smart Exterior Lighting [[Smart_Lighting\|Smart Exterior Lighting]] ===
	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Smart Exterior Building Lighting and Streetlight infrastructure is the perfect platform to deploy smart city technologies and services using connected devices and a low-bandwidth wireless network. This approach is aligned with the utility industry as a whole. Changing inefficient HID lighting with LED streetlights is a good place to start, but what if a streetlight was capable of more than simply lighting a street? Municipalities across the country are looking toward streetlight assets to lower civic costs, increase efficiencies, drive economic growth, engage citizens, and improve city life. Partnership with a local utility company is critical to take this step toward becoming a smarter city.		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Smart Exterior Building Lighting and Streetlight infrastructure is the perfect platform to deploy smart city technologies and services using connected devices and a low-bandwidth wireless network. This approach is aligned with the utility industry as a whole. Changing inefficient HID lighting with LED streetlights is a good place to start, but what if a streetlight was capable of more than simply lighting a street? Municipalities across the country are looking toward streetlight assets to lower civic costs, increase efficiencies, drive economic growth, engage citizens, and improve city life. Partnership with a local utility company is critical to take this step toward becoming a smarter city.
	An integral part of smart city initiatives are “smart poles”, which blend multiple services into one urban infrastructure, functioning as lighting, telecommunication antennas, security surveillance, environmental monitors, electric vehicle charging stations, traffic management systems, emergency service providers, and digital signage platforms. They carry energy-efficient LED lighting, 4G or 5G network coverage, Wi-Fi hotspots, CCTV cameras, air quality and weather sensors, EV chargers, traffic sensors, emergency buttons, and digital screens for information display. The data they gather aids in informed urban planning and city management, enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and livability of urban environments.</span></div>		An integral part of smart city initiatives are “smart poles”, which blend multiple services into one urban infrastructure, functioning as lighting, telecommunication antennas, security surveillance, environmental monitors, electric vehicle charging stations, traffic management systems, emergency service providers, and digital signage platforms. They carry energy-efficient LED lighting, 4G or 5G network coverage, Wi-Fi hotspots, CCTV cameras, air quality and weather sensors, EV chargers, traffic sensors, emergency buttons, and digital screens for information display. The data they gather aids in informed urban planning and city management, enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and livability of urban environments.</span></div>

Pinfold at 17:50, July 31, 2023

2023-07-31T17:50:52Z

Jskopek at 16:49, June 18, 2023

2023-06-18T16:49:46Z

Show changes

Jskopek at 16:43, June 18, 2023

2023-06-18T16:43:34Z

Show changes

Jskopek at 16:39, June 18, 2023

2023-06-18T16:39:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:39, June 18, 2023
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	[[File:Fig7Chap6.png\|right\|400px]]		[[File:Fig7Chap6.png\|right\|400px]]
	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Government facilities that utilize digital signage in common areas are able to create a superior experience for their visitors. It is also possible to personalize content for visitors. For instance, if a new visitor were to swipe a badge or card when entering a building, or scan a QR code, the sign could be programmed to display information that is specifically helpful to that person (e.g. displayed in a particular language, or suggestions on where to go). Digital signage can provide directions to specific offices or meeting rooms or provide information on upcoming events, and they often help to form the first impression for a visitor entering a building. These displays can be tethered together and controlled by a wired or wireless connection, eliminating the need for staff to create and/or change static signs throughout a building or campus. Installing these displays at entrances or in gathering areas provides an opportunity to have a captive audience, and will improve a visitor’s initial experience with local government. Digital displays can incorporate civic calendars, digital media, and also be used in emergencies to notify employees and visitors of specific facility or community concerns.</span></div>		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Government facilities that utilize digital signage in common areas are able to create a superior experience for their visitors. It is also possible to personalize content for visitors. For instance, if a new visitor were to swipe a badge or card when entering a building, or scan a QR code, the sign could be programmed to display information that is specifically helpful to that person (e.g. displayed in a particular language, or suggestions on where to go). Digital signage can provide directions to specific offices or meeting rooms or provide information on upcoming events, and they often help to form the first impression for a visitor entering a building. These displays can be tethered together and controlled by a wired or wireless connection, eliminating the need for staff to create and/or change static signs throughout a building or campus. Installing these displays at entrances or in gathering areas provides an opportunity to have a captive audience, and will improve a visitor’s initial experience with local government. Digital displays can incorporate civic calendars, digital media, and also be used in emergencies to notify employees and visitors of specific facility or community concerns.</span></div>

			=== Video Conference Equipment ===

			<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Similar to digital signage, video conferencing equipment should be considered in any municipality or campus with multiple on- and off-site buildings. Connections made between these buildings provide ample opportunities to save money and enhance staff efficiency and well-being. For example, the City of Schenectady use this system to virtually connect four Fire Stations together to perform daily training. This virtual connection alone saves thousands of dollars per year on fuel costs. Before having this system in place, fire department vehicles and personnel would have to regularly drive to our main station in order to have classroom training sessions. Now they are connected virtually, with the same level of interactivity made possible by two-way video and audio. Not only is the City saving on fuel costs, but we are also able to maintain the apparatuses in their own running districts during the required fire and EMS training in case of emergency. Future applications </span><span style="color:#000000;">may include incorporation of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies to enhance user experience and broaden education opportunities.</span></div>

	=== Electric Vehicle Charging Stations ===		=== Electric Vehicle Charging Stations ===
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	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Automated robotic deliveries to buildings are typically services that use robots to deliver various goods. These goods can include parcels, food, groceries, medicines, and other packages from the distribution center or shop directly to your doorstep or designated location within a building. The robots are usually small, self-driving vehicles, drones, or even droids designed to navigate sidewalks, streets, and hallways. In terms of apartment buildings or offices, there may be specific robots for indoor navigation to deliver goods within the building. These could include robots for room service in hotels, delivery in large offices, or food delivery in residential buildings.</span></div>

	===Smart Water Conservation [[https://opencommons.org/\| Smart_Water]] ===		===Smart Water Conservation [[https://opencommons.org/\|Smart_Water]] ===

	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Managing water resources is an important commitment of any community. Smart sensors can monitor leaks and are even used in some communities to help monitor vacant homes. These sensors can communicate in a variety of ways, including cell service, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and LoRa. Smart sensors that detect leaks should be considered in any Smart building or City deployment, as they can prevent dangerous situations from arising in both commercial and residential areas.
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	</span></div>		</span></div>

			=== Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Recycling ===

			<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">The supply of ample and potable water is becoming a key resource management challenge in municipalities across the world. Water, however, is not always regarded as the valuable resource, and there is too much waste. Smart buildings have the potential to change this.

			In smart buildings, water can be used more than once as recycled water for certain applications, such as irrigation, toilet flushing and other greywater applications. By recycling water, valuable potable water drawn from exhausted aquifers and other sources can be reserved for immediate consumption by building occupants.

			Stormwater (e.g. rainwater) can be harvested for greywater applications or irrigation. In fact, water use trends suggest that rainwater is increasingly being used as a substitute for potable water where it is deemed safe.

			Wastewater recycling is a relatively new practice, but it has great potential since the availability of recycled wastewater does not depend on intermittent rainfall. Oftentimes, during drought periods, the demand for irrigation is the highest and the availability of scarce rainfall is at its lowest. The availability of recycled wastewater, on the other hand, is more predictable since the amount of wastewater is directly linked to the use of potable water.

			There are new technologies that treat wastewater onsite (e.g. at the building level) rather than in centralized treatment plants. Stepping away from the old centralized model of treating and managing wastewater not only saves precious water resources but also saves communities significant amounts of money and reduces overall energy usage.</span></div>

			=== Smart Waste [[https://opencommons.org/\|Smart_Waste]] ===

	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">The ability to connect to the internet on a moment’s notice is a privilege many people take for granted. For some, the internet is only available in areas that have public Wi-Fi. Communities need to determine how to provide smart city services, such as internet access, to low-to-moderate income residents. Public Wi-Fi can help facilitate community engagement, more efficiently deploy social services, and enable internet-based medical applications to those that do not readily have access to the internet. A community’s open public Wi-Fi can also potentially provide “connected learning” for students. A Pew Research Center survey from October of 2018 indicated that nearly one in five teens cannot finish their homework due to the lack of internet access.</span><span style="color:#000000;"><ref name="ftn1">[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/26/nearly-one-in-five-teens-cant-always-finish-their-homework-because-of-the-digital-divide/ Blockchain Technology Overview]		<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">There are several innovative methods being researched and implemented for the collection of waste in buildings and cities. Here are some examples:
			# Smart Waste Bins: IoT-enabled waste bins can alert the waste management company when they're almost full. This optimizes the routes of garbage trucks and saves time, fuel, and reduces emissions. This technology can also help to avoid overflow, thus maintaining the cleanliness of the city.
			# Automated Vacuum Waste Systems (AVAC): They use a network of underground pneumatic tubes to transport waste from buildings to a central collection point. Each type of waste (e.g., organic, recyclable, non-recyclable) has a separate tube, making it easy to sort and process. This method is not only efficient but also hygienic, as it avoids the need for traditional waste collection vehicles and reduces road traffic.
			# AI-Driven Waste Management Platforms: These platforms use artificial intelligence to analyze and predict waste generation patterns, optimize waste collection routes, manage inventory, and much more. They can provide a real-time overview of the entire waste management infrastructure and operations, thereby increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
			While these methods might help in managing waste, the best waste is the waste that is not produced. Efforts should be made to minimize waste production and promote a circular economy.</span></div>

			==[[Case study]]==

			The ability to connect to the internet on a moment’s notice is a privilege many people take for granted. For some, the internet is only available in areas that have public Wi-Fi. Communities need to determine how to provide smart city services, such as internet access, to low-to-moderate income residents. Public Wi-Fi can help facilitate community engagement, more efficiently deploy social services, and enable internet-based medical applications to those that do not readily have access to the internet. A community’s open public Wi-Fi can also potentially provide “connected learning” for students. A Pew Research Center survey from October of 2018 indicated that nearly one in five teens cannot finish their homework due to the lack of internet access.</span><span style="color:#000000;"><ref name="ftn1">[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/26/nearly-one-in-five-teens-cant-always-finish-their-homework-because-of-the-digital-divide/ Blockchain Technology Overview]

	</ref></span><span style="color:#000000;"> In rural areas this number is strikingly higher. Having internet access is necessary to help engage lower income students and households, potentially driving positive results in the classroom. This issue is highly important considering the recent global pandemic – which greatly increased the need for internet access for all – and should thus be considered in any smart city deployment.</span></div>		</ref></span><span style="color:#000000;"> In rural areas this number is strikingly higher. Having internet access is necessary to help engage lower income students and households, potentially driving positive results in the classroom. This issue is highly important considering the recent global pandemic – which greatly increased the need for internet access for all – and should thus be considered in any smart city deployment.</span></div>
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	~~=== Video Conference Equipment ===~~

	<div style="margin-left:0.75in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;">Similar to digital signage, video conferencing equipment should be considered in any municipality or campus with multiple on- and off-site buildings. Connections made between these buildings provide ample opportunities to save money and enhance staff efficiency and well-being. For example, the City of Schenectady use this system to virtually connect four Fire Stations together to perform daily training. This virtual connection alone saves thousands of dollars per year on fuel costs. Before having this system in place, fire department vehicles and personnel would have to regularly drive to our main station in order to have classroom training sessions. Now they are connected virtually, with the same level of interactivity made possible by two-way video and audio. Not only is the City saving on fuel costs, but we are also able to maintain the apparatuses in their own running districts during the required fire and EMS training in case of emergency. Future applications </span><span style="color:#000000;">may include incorporation of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies to enhance user experience and broaden education opportunities.</span></div>

	== Smart Street Lighting Technology==		== Smart Street Lighting Technology==

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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	==[[The benefits of good buildings and city infrastructure interface]]==		==The benefits of good buildings and city infrastructure interface==
	The interface between a building and city infrastructure is beneficial to the successful functioning of a city, the livability of its urban spaces, and the sustainability of its built environment. A well-designed, good interface can have several benefits:		The interface between a building and city infrastructure is beneficial to the successful functioning of a city, the livability of its urban spaces, and the sustainability of its built environment. A well-designed, good interface can have several benefits:
	# '''Efficient Resource Management:''' Good building/city interfacing ensures optimal use of utilities like water, electricity, gas, etc. This results in less waste and better conservation of resources.		# '''Efficient Resource Management:''' Good building/city interfacing ensures optimal use of utilities like water, electricity, gas, etc. This results in less waste and better conservation of resources.
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	By focusing on the interface between buildings and city infrastructure, municipalities and urban planners can create cities that are more livable, sustainable, resilient, and inclusive.		By focusing on the interface between buildings and city infrastructure, municipalities and urban planners can create cities that are more livable, sustainable, resilient, and inclusive.

	==[[Buildings Connections to City Services and Infrastructure]]==		==Buildings Connections to City Services and Infrastructure==
	Buildings connect to various city services and infrastructure in multiple ways, depending on the specific service in question. Both building owners and the City can enhance and improve upon the efficiency and delivery of those services by embracing the numerous technological advancements. that have been made by Smart Technology over the past few years. Here are a few key focus areas for cities looking to capitalize on the opportunity to adopt a new, smarter mode of operation through a good interface with buildings:		Buildings connect to various city services and infrastructure in multiple ways, depending on the specific service in question. Both building owners and the City can enhance and improve upon the efficiency and delivery of those services by embracing the numerous technological advancements. that have been made by Smart Technology over the past few years. Here are a few key focus areas for cities looking to capitalize on the opportunity to adopt a new, smarter mode of operation through a good interface with buildings:
	# '''Means of access by public or private transport and mobility:''' The street presence of the building typically gives the first impression. Well-integrated landscapes, open plazas, easy transportation drop-off and well-designed bicycle storage can provide pleasant and inviting building entries. Proximity and access to public transit systems like buses, trains, trams, or subways is a crucial aspects of city infrastructure.		# '''Means of access by public or private transport and mobility:''' The street presence of the building typically gives the first impression. Well-integrated landscapes, open plazas, easy transportation drop-off and well-designed bicycle storage can provide pleasant and inviting building entries. Proximity and access to public transit systems like buses, trains, trams, or subways is a crucial aspects of city infrastructure.
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	The specific mix and extent of these connections can vary widely depending on the location, age, and type of the building, as well as local infrastructure and regulations.		The specific mix and extent of these connections can vary widely depending on the location, age, and type of the building, as well as local infrastructure and regulations.

	==[[The KPIs of interface of building with urban services]]==		==The KPIs of interface of building with urban services==
	KPIs, or Key Performance Indicators, are specific, quantifiable measures used to track the performance or quality of various aspects of a system. In the context of evaluating the interface of a building with urban services, several KPIs may be relevant. The choice of KPIs would depend on the specific objectives of the stakeholders, but here are some general ones to consider:		KPIs, or Key Performance Indicators, are specific, quantifiable measures used to track the performance or quality of various aspects of a system. In the context of evaluating the interface of a building with urban services, several KPIs may be relevant. The choice of KPIs would depend on the specific objectives of the stakeholders, but here are some general ones to consider:
	# '''Accessibility''': The extent to which the building is accessible from key urban services such as public transportation, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, etc. This can be measured using indicators such as walking distance or travel time.		# '''Accessibility''': The extent to which the building is accessible from key urban services such as public transportation, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, etc. This can be measured using indicators such as walking distance or travel time.
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	==[[Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure]]==		==Building-Connected City Services and Infrastructure==

	=== Smart Exterior Lighting [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Lighting \|Smart Exterior Lighting ]] ===		=== Smart Exterior Lighting [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Lighting \|Smart Exterior Lighting ]] ===
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	While these methods might help in managing waste, the best waste is the waste that is not produced. Efforts should be made to minimize waste production and promote a circular economy.</span></div>		While these methods might help in managing waste, the best waste is the waste that is not produced. Efforts should be made to minimize waste production and promote a circular economy.</span></div>

	==[[Case study]]==		==Case study==
	=== National Grid / City of Schenectady REV Demonstration Project ===		=== National Grid / City of Schenectady REV Demonstration Project ===