Emergency Preparedness - Revision history

Pinfold at 04:24, March 17, 2022

2022-03-17T04:24:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:24, March 17, 2022
Line 7:		Line 7:
	\| document = 2019-PSSC Blueprint 201907005.pdf		\| document = 2019-PSSC Blueprint 201907005.pdf
	\| chapter = 6001		\| chapter = 6001
	\| image =		\| image = PortlandBEECN.jpg
	\| summary = This section addresses the integration of traditional public safety and response into the broader scope of overall community preparedness, planning, and response. It deals with the development and coordination of multi-team systems of emergency response agencies with supporting and secondary organizations that interface directly with front-line responders during a disaster or civil emergency. Collectively, these organizations occupy the inner and second circles of Figure 2, and constitute the combined response capability of a community, jurisdiction, or region , and may be augmented by additional resources deployed through Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMAC) with adjacent states or jurisdictions or from federal sources, such as FEMA and other agencies.		\| summary = This section addresses the integration of traditional public safety and response into the broader scope of overall community preparedness, planning, and response. It deals with the development and coordination of multi-team systems of emergency response agencies with supporting and secondary organizations that interface directly with front-line responders during a disaster or civil emergency. Collectively, these organizations occupy the inner and second circles of Figure 2, and constitute the combined response capability of a community, jurisdiction, or region , and may be augmented by additional resources deployed through Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMAC) with adjacent states or jurisdictions or from federal sources, such as FEMA and other agencies.
	}}		}}

Pinfold at 03:57, March 15, 2022

2022-03-15T03:57:09Z

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | document = 2019-PSSC Blueprint 201907005.pdf
 | chapter = 6001
 }}
 [[File:Entities and organizations with responsibility for Public Safety.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Figure 2: Entities and organizations with responsibility for Public Safety]]

Pinfold at 00:57, January 4, 2022

2022-01-04T00:57:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:57, January 4, 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\| blueprint = Public Safety		\| blueprint = Public Safety
	\| sectors = Public Safety		\| sectors = Public Safety
	\| authors = Brenda Bannan		\| authors = Brenda Bannan, Jack Burbridge, Michael Dunaway, Dean Skidmore
	\| poc = Brenda Bannan		\| poc = Brenda Bannan
	\| email = bbannan@gmu.edu		\| email = bbannan@gmu.edu

Pinfold at 22:10, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T22:10:51Z

Pinfold at 22:05, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T22:05:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:05, January 3, 2022
Line 419:		Line 419:
	*Iterative and agile revision		*Iterative and agile revision
	\|}		\|}
			Adapted from:

			Ratti, C. & Claudel, M. (2017) The city of tomorrow: Sensors, networks, hackers, and the future of urban life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

			Townsend, A. (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. W.W. Norton & Company.

			Hartson, R. & Pyla, P.S. (2012) The UX Book: Process and guidelines for ensuring a quality user experience. New York: Elsevier Morgan Kaufman.

			Rowland, C., Goodman, E., Charlier, M., Light, A. & Lui, A. (2015). Designing connected products: UX for the consumer internet of things. Cambridge: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Pinfold at 22:03, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T22:03:18Z

@@ Line 368: / Line 368: @@
 *Needs assessment/gap analysis
 *Problem definition
 |'''Methods'''
 *Participatory Design
@@ Line 376: / Line 390: @@
 *Framing and reframing problem
 *Idea generation
 |'''Methods'''
 *Iterative feedback on conceptual design
@@ Line 383: / Line 413: @@
 *Hardware engineering and testing
 *In-situ product testing
 |}

Pinfold at 21:58, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T21:58:47Z

@@ Line 358: / Line 358: @@
 *What city impact or system effectiveness can be determined?
 *How to grow and scale the system?
 |}

Pinfold at 21:55, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T21:55:48Z

@@ Line 324: / Line 324: @@
 *What information can be gleaned or adapted from research, applications, in other cities?
 *How to connect gaps in capabilities and resources to potential threats for our city?
 |'''Questions'''
 *How to include community members in a collaborative smart city design process?
@@ Line 333: / Line 340: @@
 *What types of interactions are relevant (e.g. physical, movement, gesture, biometric, sound, etc.)?
 *How are specific requirements integrated into a holistic system to address the identified need?
 |'''Questions'''
 *Is the enacted system usable and relevant to users, stakeholders?

Pinfold at 21:51, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T21:51:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:51, January 3, 2022
Line 256:		Line 256:
	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

			=Seeking Co-Benefits with Dual-Use Technologies=
			During an emergency, time matters. Smart systems/IoT solutions can bring information to decision-
			makers faster and with more fidelity than ever before , even when those systems are not purposefully
			designed for emergency management. Cities and technology developers can tap into this potential by
			considering the co -benefits to emergency management within their existing portfolio of systems and
			products. Systems designed for building security, energy management, and water/wastewater
			surveillance all have the potential to guide better decision -making during an emergency with limited
			additional costs.

			As an example, many local jurisdictions use city buildings as sites for providing emergency shelter for
			displaced residents when their homes are not habitable following an emergency. During a large
			emergency that includes power outages, road closures, and other impacts, local jurisdictions must send
			out a representative to each potential shelter site to confirm that the facility is running, on primary or
			generator power, and the IT connectivity necessary to support operations. This information gathering
			requires time and slows the response.

			At the same time, many jurisdictions are automating their building systems through sensors and other
			smart technology. The primary benefit of the system is to save operating costs, extend the lif e of those
			building systems, and reduce energy consumption. If these smart systems are already linked back to a
			central system for daily operations and management then that information can also lead to faster
			decision-making during emergencies. In our example, if the building sensors show that the building is on
			primary power with adequate IT connectivity, it allows decision-makers to select sites for emergency
			sheltering without sending a staff member to the site to evaluate it. This saves staff time and allows the
			shelter to open more quickly.

			Guiding Questions
			For Cities
			#Has the city identified and prioritized key threats/hazards?
			#Has the city identified key capability gaps and requirements?
			#What are the city’s top emergency management needs and at what point(s) in the National Preparedness cycle do these occur? Where, when, and how does the city most need help?
			#What information do city emergency managers need for preparedness? How should data be organized and analyzed to support emergency management and response? How should data be accessed for effective emergency management decision-making and coordination?
			#After initial emergency response, what are secondary or other related needs of the city?
			#Who are the different users of data from IoT solutions and what systems/platforms can be leveraged? Do we need to innovate (new technology), integrate (existing technologies), repurpose (leverage deployed technologies to meet new requirements)?
			#What current or future IoT/smart solutions can support city emergency management and secondary needs, when in the cycle, how, and to what degree?
			#What are the best current options for my city given available resources?
			#What resources are available to obtain and use the solution? (capital and operational funding, personnel, training, etc.) What additional resources are needed now and in the future?
			#What is the plan to sustain technology development and use into the future?
			For First Responders and Response Agencies
			#Based on the THIRA, what are the region's/community's key threats/hazards?
			#Have responder agencies identified key capability gaps and technology requirements?
			#What information do First Responders and Emergency Managers need, and when do they need it? How should data be organized and analyzed to support emergency management and First Responders? How should data be accessed for effective emergency management decision-making and coordination?
			#After initial emergency response, what are secondary or other related needs of Emergency Management and response agencies?
			#What data from IoT systems/platforms can be leveraged to improve situational awareness and decision-making? Must new technologies or applications be developed, or can existing technology systems be more usefully integrated to meet new requirements)?
			For Technology Solution Providers
			#Does the technology solution adequately reflect an understanding of what city EMs need at a situation-problem level?
			#What specific threats and core capabilities does my solution address?
			#How and at what point in an emergency does my solution help? (In preparation, protection, mitigation, response, recovery phases?)
			#Does my system design meet industry standards, best practices and public safety end-user and responder requirements?
			#Is the solution closed or open–how adaptable, scalable, replicable, cost-effective, easy-to-use is it?
			#What additional/secondary benefits will the solution provide to city? How can the solution be applied to address broader city needs? (such as resilience, economic development, public health, community engagement, etc.)

			Table 1: Applied Research and Development Process – Questions and Methods
			{\|class="wikitable"
			!Research and Analysis
			!Ideation
			!Refinement
			\|-style="vertical-align:top;"
			\|'''Questions'''
			*What threats and hazards (from THIRA process) are of greatest concern for our community?
			*What are the relevant gaps and problems in our city and specific needs aligned with mission areas (e.g. prevention, protection, mitigation, response and recovery)?
			*How do we characterize or frame the problem with EM stakeholders and community members?
			*What are city-based networks, systemic, cultural, and social influences on problem?
			*What is the ecosystem of organizations, people, activities and places relevant to the identified problem?
			*Who is the targeted audience(s) for the smart city system?
			*How to build alliances/working/design groups, advocacy and trust for new ideas in this city?
			*What information can be gleaned or adapted from research, applications, in other cities?
			*How to connect gaps in capabilities and resources to potential threats for our city?
			\|'''Questions'''
			*How to include community members in a collaborative smart city design process?
			*What functional requirements fall from the integration of information from research and analysis?
			*How can we generate multiple ideas based on targeted needs and requirements?
			*What relevant behaviors, workflow, learning or performance targets are actionable for the targeted system innovation?
			*What are the relevant physical, contextual or ambient interactions among people, devices, and tasks given the targeted communication, data, and/or information sharing in this context?
			*What are functional segments of the design for relevant user tasks and how can these be integrated into a holistic system design?
			*What types of interactions are relevant (e.g. physical, movement, gesture, biometric, sound, etc.)?
			*How are specific requirements integrated into a holistic system to address the identified need?
			\|'''Questions'''
			*Is the enacted system usable and relevant to users, stakeholders?
			*How can we evaluate the prototype?
			*How can we progressively iterate from proof-of-concept to iteratively build and refine the system?
			*What elements of the system should be refined, eliminated, or revised?
			*What city-level ROI, measures, or metrics are applicable?
			*What are the system levers, drivers, or outcomes that can demonstrate impact on the city problem?
			*What city impact or system effectiveness can be determined?
			*How to grow and scale the system?
			\|}

Pinfold at 21:34, January 3, 2022

2022-01-03T21:34:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, January 3, 2022
Line 228:		Line 228:
	*'''Refinement''' – Advances the generated prototype through establishing contextual relevance and usability via lab and field testing of the prototype, progressively refining and evolving the innovation, and establishing and expanding targeted metrics and measures to better determine return on investment or impact.		*'''Refinement''' – Advances the generated prototype through establishing contextual relevance and usability via lab and field testing of the prototype, progressively refining and evolving the innovation, and establishing and expanding targeted metrics and measures to better determine return on investment or impact.
	*'''Solution''' – Incorporates methods to monitor and report out the initial design strategy as well as impact for learning about how the smart city solution was adopted, adapted, and integrated throughout the system. This phase can define incentives for use and impact on citizen’s lives as well as provide impetus for empirical investigation of the use, impact, and scaling of the innovation.		*'''Solution''' – Incorporates methods to monitor and report out the initial design strategy as well as impact for learning about how the smart city solution was adopted, adapted, and integrated throughout the system. This phase can define incentives for use and impact on citizen’s lives as well as provide impetus for empirical investigation of the use, impact, and scaling of the innovation.


			<div id="misc-news" class="mainpage_row">
			<div class="mainpage_box">
			<h3><span class="header_icon" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"></span><span> Case Study: Multiteam Interaction and Training of City-Wide Emergency Management</span></h3>
			<div id=mainpage-help-contribute" title=" Case Study: Multiteam Interaction and Training of City-Wide Emergency Management" class="items">
			Identified Gap and Solution: In a city-based emergency or disaster, multiple teams—including emergency
			operations, FEMA, Department of Homeland Security, law enforcement, EMS, fire and rescue, and hospital
			trauma teams—must work together in a coordinated response. However, these teams rarely train together.
			Key to designing an effective multiteam smart IoT solution is understanding the impact of cross-team
			interaction and learning from team members’ real-world interactions as part of a larger city-wide system.
			To address this gap, Smart Emergency Medical Team Training developed an IoT system to improve the capture,
			analysis, and visualization of mobile behavioral data from proximity sensors worn by individual team members
			engaged in a multi-team, live simulation context. The objective was to identify and uncover important
			individual, team, and cross-team behavioral data and patterns (e.g. response time, proximity to the patient
			and, activity of individuals, teams, and representative of the overall multiteam system, etc.) to improve
			experiential learning during the debrief from cross-team interaction in high fidelity simulation training. The goal
			is to improve patient care, cross-team coordination and city services teams’ response time.

			The Iterative user experience (UX) design and research process included:
			*'''Research.''' Through a multiteam training effort focused on extracting, treating and transporting a patient quickly to the hospital emergency room, the research team closely examined, generated, and evaluated best practices in emergency management, response, and healthcare disciplines to understand the context and problems through the users’ experience. From this analysis, prototyped IoT solutions were developed. An agile, flexible UX design process was leveraged aligning with the city’s core capabilities and risk assessments.
			*'''Analysis.''' Researchers conducted multiple, detailed investigations and observations of relevant user work processes in live simulations within and across teams to determine target audience(s), system requirements and to model usage, tasks and information flow. These provided the basis for user requirements for the system.
			*'''Ideation.''' The refined design goal, drawn from data analysis and generated design models, was directed at improving coordination, situational awareness, learning and performance of the multiteam system. The process strives to uncover the system requirements to iteratively design a system to meet team members’ work goals. In the use case, iterative design cycles continued in the development and integration of existing sensors and custom information systems toward the goal of visualized heterogeneous data sources (e.g. biometric body worn sensors, proximity beacons, 911 dispatch, GPS, GIS, and social media digital data) to provide information on inflection points between the teams—for example, when the patient is handed off from the EMS to the hospital trauma bay team.
			*'''Refinement.''' Refining the prototype represents the hard work of bringing an idea to life, progressively testing it through solicitation of targeted feedback and continually improving it through 1) progressive prototyping, 2) deploying, testing and evaluating the system and 3) adopting participatory design.
			*'''Solutions.''' The solution generated through a UX design and research process joins end user experience and knowledge with a design and prototype based on rich data from the context of use. The solution has improved ecological validity and is tested in context, thus demonstrating improved opportunities to transition and scale into other environments. While still in development, the project’s iterative prototyping with a participatory design process has garnered interest from other cities and expanded in scope. Deploying an early IoT solution prototype with iterative cycles of improvement permits other cities to consider the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of similar systems in their local contexts as well as provided additional input on the design and use.
			</div>
			</div>
			</div>

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:10, January 3, 2022
Line 177:		Line 177:
	practices (such as access and portability of critical medical data among patient populations), and similar		practices (such as access and portability of critical medical data among patient populations), and similar
	challenges that have legal, proprietary, and security barriers, as well as policy implications.		challenges that have legal, proprietary, and security barriers, as well as policy implications.
	Technology Requirements Development Process		==Technology Requirements Development Process==

	As smart technologies expand the range of available data for EMs to make better planning and response		As smart technologies expand the range of available data for EMs to make better planning and response
Line 209:		Line 209:
	*Provide user experience that meets specific public safety requirements in a range of environments and use scenarios.		*Provide user experience that meets specific public safety requirements in a range of environments and use scenarios.
	*Provide adequate training to optimize use and applicability in a wide range of scenarios.		*Provide adequate training to optimize use and applicability in a wide range of scenarios.
	Aligning Technology Efforts with City Needs		==Aligning Technology Efforts with City Needs==
	To ensure technology efforts align with city needs, technology solution providers should work with		To ensure technology efforts align with city needs, technology solution providers should work with
	stakeholders to:		stakeholders to:
Line 257:		Line 257:
	</div>		</div>

	=Seeking Co-Benefits with Dual-Use Technologies=		==Seeking Co-Benefits with Dual-Use Technologies==
	During an emergency, time matters. Smart systems/IoT solutions can bring information to decision-		During an emergency, time matters. Smart systems/IoT solutions can bring information to decision-
	makers faster and with more fidelity than ever before , even when those systems are not purposefully		makers faster and with more fidelity than ever before , even when those systems are not purposefully
Line 282:		Line 282:
	shelter to open more quickly.		shelter to open more quickly.

	Guiding Questions		=Guiding Questions=
	For Cities		==For Cities==
	#Has the city identified and prioritized key threats/hazards?		#Has the city identified and prioritized key threats/hazards?
	#Has the city identified key capability gaps and requirements?		#Has the city identified key capability gaps and requirements?
Line 294:		Line 294:
	#What resources are available to obtain and use the solution? (capital and operational funding, personnel, training, etc.) What additional resources are needed now and in the future?		#What resources are available to obtain and use the solution? (capital and operational funding, personnel, training, etc.) What additional resources are needed now and in the future?
	#What is the plan to sustain technology development and use into the future?		#What is the plan to sustain technology development and use into the future?
	For First Responders and Response Agencies		==For First Responders and Response Agencies==
	#Based on the THIRA, what are the region's/community's key threats/hazards?		#Based on the THIRA, what are the region's/community's key threats/hazards?
	#Have responder agencies identified key capability gaps and technology requirements?		#Have responder agencies identified key capability gaps and technology requirements?
Line 300:		Line 300:
	#After initial emergency response, what are secondary or other related needs of Emergency Management and response agencies?		#After initial emergency response, what are secondary or other related needs of Emergency Management and response agencies?
	#What data from IoT systems/platforms can be leveraged to improve situational awareness and decision-making? Must new technologies or applications be developed, or can existing technology systems be more usefully integrated to meet new requirements)?		#What data from IoT systems/platforms can be leveraged to improve situational awareness and decision-making? Must new technologies or applications be developed, or can existing technology systems be more usefully integrated to meet new requirements)?
	For Technology Solution Providers		==For Technology Solution Providers==
	#Does the technology solution adequately reflect an understanding of what city EMs need at a situation-problem level?		#Does the technology solution adequately reflect an understanding of what city EMs need at a situation-problem level?
	#What specific threats and core capabilities does my solution address?		#What specific threats and core capabilities does my solution address?