Electric and Hybrid Vehicles - Revision history

Pinfold at 03:58, January 17, 2023

2023-01-17T03:58:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:58, January 17, 2023
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	As of now, the countries with the most widely available charging infrastructure are in Europe, China, Japan and some parts of North America. However, the availability is still not sufficient for widespread adoption of EVs and it is expected that in coming years, more charging stations will be built to support the increasing number of electric vehicles on the road.		As of now, the countries with the most widely available charging infrastructure are in Europe, China, Japan and some parts of North America. However, the availability is still not sufficient for widespread adoption of EVs and it is expected that in coming years, more charging stations will be built to support the increasing number of electric vehicles on the road.
			==Electric Vehicle Energy Savings==
			Electric vehicles (EVs) can provide significant energy savings compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The exact amount of energy savings will depend on a variety of factors, including the specific EV model, the type of battery it uses, and the efficiency of the charging system.

			One way to quantify the energy savings of EVs is to compare their "miles per gallon equivalent" (MPGe) to the fuel efficiency of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The MPGe of an EV refers to the distance it can travel on the same amount of energy as is contained in one gallon of gasoline.

			For example, the average EV on the market in the United States in 2021 has an MPGe of about 110 miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent, while the average gasoline-powered vehicle has an efficiency of about 27 miles per gallon. This means that, on average, an EV is about 4 times more efficient than a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle.

			In terms of actual energy consumption, this means that an EV will use about one-quarter as much energy as a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle to travel the same distance. This can translate into significant energy savings over the lifetime of the vehicle.

			It is also worth noting that the energy savings of EVs can be further increased through the use of renewable energy sources to charge the battery, such as solar panels or wind turbines. This can help to reduce the overall carbon footprint of the vehicle and further contribute to energy savings.

			==Calculation==
			EVs have several advantages over conventional vehicles: Energy efficient. EVs convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. Conventional gasoline vehicles only convert about 12%–30% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at the wheels.

			According to the EPA U.S. vehicle fuel economy has risen to record 24.7 mpg. A US gallon contains 130 MJ of energy. Dividing by 24.7 mpg obtains 5.26 MJ/mile.
			The EPA official range for the 2017 Model S 100D, which is equipped with a 100 kWh (360 MJ) battery pack, is 335 miles (539 km). Dividing 335 miles into 360 MJ obtains 1.08 MJ/mile.

			''Note: The 2020 Model S 100 long range has an improved permanent magnet motor giving the 100 kWh battery a 373 mile (600 km) range! This obtains 0.965 MJ/mile!''

			It takes 1.08/5.26 = 0.2053 ~ 20.5% as much energy to move a vehicle using a battery than using an internal combustion engine.

			''Note: The 2020 model 18.4% as much energy!''

			A gallon of petrol in the USA costs $2.83 and that takes a vehicle 24.7 miles or 11.457 cents per mile.

			A kWh of electricity costs $0.12 in the USA. A kWh contains 3.6 MJ of energy. A Tesla battery is 93% efficient. So it takes 1.075 MJ of electricity to get 1.000 MJ to the wheels so $0.12 * 1.075/3.6 *1.08 = 3.87 cents per mile.

			''Note: For the 2020 model 3.46 cents…''

			A gallon of petrol releases 8.9 kg of CO2 for each gallon burned (2.8 kg). This is 360 grams of CO2 per mile traveled.

			Using a wind turbine, solar panel, hydroelectric plant, or nuclear plant produces zero CO2 electricity. So this source of electricity has zero carbon footprint.

			Crude oil is 86% carbon by weight and releases 46.4 MJ of energy per kg of fuel. Natural gas is 75% carbon by weight and releases 55.6 MJ of energy per kg of fuel and steam coal used in power plants is 78% carbon by weight and releases 29.2 MJ of energy per kg of fuel.

			Thermal generators are typically 42% efficient making electricity from heat.

			The carbon in the fuel just described is combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, which adds the mass of oxygen to each carbon atom. So on a molar basis;
			:C + O2 → CO2
			:12 grams of Carbon plus 32 grams of Oxygen yield 44 grams of Carbon Dioxide.

			So now we can compute how much carbon dioxide is released for each MJ electrical of energy consumed.
			;Oil Fired Plant
			:0.86 * 44/12 / 46.4 = 68 grams/MJ thermal → 161.8 g/MJ electrical → 174.8 g/mile
			:''Note: for 2020 model 156.2 g/mile''
			;Natural Gas Fired Plant
			:0.75 * 44/12 / 55.6 = 50 grams/MJ thermal → 117.8 g/MJ elec → 127.2 g/mile
			:''Note: for 2020 model 113.7 g/mile''
			;Coal Fired Plant
			:0.78* 44/12 / 29.2 = 98 grams/MJ thermal→ 233.2 g/MJ elec → 251.9 g/mile
			:''Note for 2020 model 225.1 g/mile''
			;Direct Petrol Burning → 360 g/mile (above)

			So, NO MATTER WHAT THE SOURCE - NO MATTER WHAT THE METRIC- electric autos use less energy, cost less and pollute less than petrol autos.
			;Additional Material
			[[File:When It Comes to Buses, Will Hydrogen or Electric Win_ _ WIRED UK.pdf\|300px\|center\|When It Comes to Buses, Will Hydrogen or Electric Win]]

Pinfold at 03:54, January 17, 2023

2023-01-17T03:54:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:54, January 17, 2023
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	Both EVs and HEVs are becoming more widely available globally, as more manufacturers produce them and governments offer incentives to encourage their adoption. However, availability can vary depending on the specific location and the model of the vehicle. In some areas, a wider range of electric and hybrid models may be available than in others, and the cost of purchasing and operating these vehicles can also vary.		Both EVs and HEVs are becoming more widely available globally, as more manufacturers produce them and governments offer incentives to encourage their adoption. However, availability can vary depending on the specific location and the model of the vehicle. In some areas, a wider range of electric and hybrid models may be available than in others, and the cost of purchasing and operating these vehicles can also vary.
	==Electric Infrastructure==		==Electric Infrastructure==
	The availability of ~~electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure~~ varies around the world. In some countries, such as Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany, there is a relatively high density of charging stations and a comprehensive network of fast-charging stations. These countries have been investing heavily in EV charging infrastructure and offering incentives for EV purchases, which has helped to increase the uptake of EVs.		The availability of [[Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure]] varies around the world. In some countries, such as Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany, there is a relatively high density of charging stations and a comprehensive network of fast-charging stations. These countries have been investing heavily in EV charging infrastructure and offering incentives for EV purchases, which has helped to increase the uptake of EVs.

	In other countries, the availability of EV charging infrastructure is more limited. In some places, the infrastructure is still in the early stages of development, and there may be few charging stations available, especially in rural or remote areas. Additionally, the availability of different types of charging stations, such as fast-charging stations, may also vary.		In other countries, the availability of EV charging infrastructure is more limited. In some places, the infrastructure is still in the early stages of development, and there may be few charging stations available, especially in rural or remote areas. Additionally, the availability of different types of charging stations, such as fast-charging stations, may also vary.

Pinfold at 03:53, January 17, 2023

2023-01-17T03:53:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:53, January 17, 2023
Line 13:		Line 13:

	Both EVs and HEVs are becoming more widely available globally, as more manufacturers produce them and governments offer incentives to encourage their adoption. However, availability can vary depending on the specific location and the model of the vehicle. In some areas, a wider range of electric and hybrid models may be available than in others, and the cost of purchasing and operating these vehicles can also vary.		Both EVs and HEVs are becoming more widely available globally, as more manufacturers produce them and governments offer incentives to encourage their adoption. However, availability can vary depending on the specific location and the model of the vehicle. In some areas, a wider range of electric and hybrid models may be available than in others, and the cost of purchasing and operating these vehicles can also vary.
			==Electric Infrastructure==
			The availability of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure varies around the world. In some countries, such as Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany, there is a relatively high density of charging stations and a comprehensive network of fast-charging stations. These countries have been investing heavily in EV charging infrastructure and offering incentives for EV purchases, which has helped to increase the uptake of EVs.

			In other countries, the availability of EV charging infrastructure is more limited. In some places, the infrastructure is still in the early stages of development, and there may be few charging stations available, especially in rural or remote areas. Additionally, the availability of different types of charging stations, such as fast-charging stations, may also vary.

			In general, developed countries have more widely available charging stations compared to developing countries. However, many countries are now investing in EV charging infrastructure to meet the growing demand for EVs and to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels.

			As of now, the countries with the most widely available charging infrastructure are in Europe, China, Japan and some parts of North America. However, the availability is still not sufficient for widespread adoption of EVs and it is expected that in coming years, more charging stations will be built to support the increasing number of electric vehicles on the road.

Pinfold: Created page with "{{Chapter |image=ElectricandHybridVehicles.jpg |poc=Wilfred Pinfold |authors=Wilfred Pinfold |blueprint=Transportation |chapter=5010 |sectors=Transportation |summary=The avail..."

2023-01-17T03:49:37Z

Created page with "{{Chapter |image=ElectricandHybridVehicles.jpg |poc=Wilfred Pinfold |authors=Wilfred Pinfold |blueprint=Transportation |chapter=5010 |sectors=Transportation |summary=The avail..."

New page

{{Chapter
|image=ElectricandHybridVehicles.jpg
|poc=Wilfred Pinfold
|authors=Wilfred Pinfold
|blueprint=Transportation
|chapter=5010
|sectors=Transportation
|summary=The availability of electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs and HEVs) has been increasing in recent years, as more manufacturers have begun to produce and market these types of vehicles.
}}
Electric vehicles (EVs) are powered solely by electricity and have no internal combustion engine. They are charged by plugging them into an external power source, such as a charging station or a regular electrical outlet. The availability of electric vehicles has been increasing in recent years with many manufacturers launching new models and increasing production. As of now, most of the major car manufacturers have at least one electric model in the market.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors and a battery pack. The electric motors are used to assist the engine during acceleration and to generate electricity for the battery. They don't have to be plugged in to recharge, instead, the energy generated while braking or decelerating is used to recharge the battery. HEVs are more widely available than EVs and many manufacturers offer multiple hybrid models.

Both EVs and HEVs are becoming more widely available globally, as more manufacturers produce them and governments offer incentives to encourage their adoption. However, availability can vary depending on the specific location and the model of the vehicle. In some areas, a wider range of electric and hybrid models may be available than in others, and the cost of purchasing and operating these vehicles can also vary.