City Resilience - Revision history

Pinfold at 23:40, January 24, 2024

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	{{Chapter		{{Chapter
	\| ~~Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities~~		\|image=Extreme_heat.jpg
	~~\| sectors~~ = ~~Extreme Heat~~		\|poc=Jiri Skopek
	\| ~~authors~~ = Jiri Skopek		\|authors=Jiri Skopek
	\| ~~poc~~ = Jiri Skopek		\|blueprint=Resilience
	\| ~~email~~ = ~~jiri@skopek.ca~~		\|sectors=Resilience
	\| ~~image~~ = ~~https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg~~		\|summary=The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.
	\| summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.		\|email=jiri@skopek.ca
	}}		}}
	However, developing a technology strategy for enhancing the resilience of a community or region involves		However, developing a technology strategy for enhancing the resilience of a community or region involves

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	\| summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.		\| summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.
	}}		}}
	~~Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming~~ a ~~significant concern~~ for ~~many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to~~ the ~~impact~~ of ~~climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts~~ on ~~ecosystems~~, ~~infrastructure~~, ~~human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence~~ of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.		However, developing a technology strategy for enhancing the resilience of a community or region involves
	~~Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations~~ and ~~significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by~~ the ~~Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein~~ the ~~lack~~ of ~~vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings.~~ The ~~interplay~~ of climate ~~change, urbanization,~~ and ~~socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate.~~		more than focusing on disaster response or recovery (or disaster resistance, as it is sometimes called), or
	The ~~consequences~~ of ~~increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services~~, ~~exacerbating energy demands~~, and ~~straining resources. Simultaneously~~, ~~health concerns range from heat stress~~ and ~~heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate~~ socio-economic ~~disparities~~, ~~destabilize local economies~~, and ~~compromise overall urban sustainability~~.		even on the single issue of public safety as traditionally defined. A holistic appro ach to resilience and
	In the ~~next sections~~, ~~we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events~~ and ~~identify~~ and ~~implement actionable adaptive~~ and ~~mitigative strategies~~ to ~~reduce risk~~ and ~~increase~~ resilience~~. We will present case studies from cities across~~ the ~~globe~~, ~~demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis~~ and ~~the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements~~, and ~~community engagement currently being deployed~~.		community sustainability involves the broad spectrum of human activities and interactions within the
			community as the sum of relationships between four interconnected systems:
			#The natural environment of geography, climate and weather;
			#The built environment of the city habitat, its engineered systems, and physical infrastructure;
			#The social environment of human population, communities and socio-economic activities; and
			#An information ecosystem that provides the means for understanding, interacting with, and managing the relationships between the natural, built, and human environments.
			As the nation and its communities become more connected, networked, and technologically
			sophisticated, new challenges and opportunities arise that demand a rethinking of current approaches to
			public safety and emergency management. An integrated approach to city and community resilience holds
			the potential to greatly enhance overall public safety, emergency response, and disaster recovery, while
			addressing new and emerging threats to public safety and security.

			Community resilience-building is effectively an aspect of mitigation planning. Figure 12 illustrates the
			range and relationships among the hazards that community resilience programs in the public safety arena
			may need to address.

	[[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg\|center\|1000px\|thumb\|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]		[[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg\|center\|1000px\|thumb\|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]

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	\| email = jiri@skopek.ca		\| email = jiri@skopek.ca
	\| image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg		\| image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg
	\| summary = ~~heat events have severe impacts~~ on ~~ecosystems~~, ~~infrastructure~~, ~~human health~~, and ~~economies~~. ~~These heatwaves~~ are ~~not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures~~, ~~but~~ they ~~also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations~~ the ~~extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires~~.		\| summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.
	}}		}}
	Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme		Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.
	Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate.		Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate.

	The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.		The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.
			In the next sections, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify and implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.
	In ~~this section~~, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify ~~how to~~ implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.

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	\| email = jiri@skopek.ca		\| email = jiri@skopek.ca
	\| image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg		\| image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg
	\| summary = ~~Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme~~ heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.		\| summary = heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.
	}}		}}
	Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme		Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme

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			[[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg\|center\|1000px\|thumb\|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]

			After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no
			shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community
			resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience
			frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf\|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf\|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].

			Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed
			to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard
			in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic
			structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is
			framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)
			such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic
			stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.

			The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to
			self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities
			Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to
			support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.

			[[File:10 essentials image.jpg\|center\|800px\|thumb\|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]

			As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:
			*Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;
			*Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;
			*Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.
			=Planning Strategies=
			A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,
			healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially
			having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these
			systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.

			A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,
			other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,
			local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in
			conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key
			city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more
			resilient cities.

			Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:
			*As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;
			*As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;
			*As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.
			*In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:
			**Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;
			**Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.

			Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf\|Cities completing the
			detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed
			assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.

			While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –
			use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.
			Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future
			revisions and tracking of progress;
			*Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;
			*Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;
			*Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;
			*The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.
			*The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.
			*The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.
			=Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=
			The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:
			*Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;
			*Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;
			*Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;
			*Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.

			In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the
			range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.
			Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology
			insertion:
	*Transportation		*Transportation
	*Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)		*Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)

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	In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.		In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.

	~~Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Heat- KPIs~~
	~~Temperature- Metric:~~ (°C/°F) ~~is the most obvious indicator of the warming planet. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https:~~/~~/www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local~~ and global temperature variation. Since the dawn of the industrial age the global average temperature had risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The consequences of this warming include more frequent and ~~intense heatwaves~~ and ~~changes in weather patterns.~~		*Transportation
	~~Mean or peak daytime temperature Metric: Mean or peak daytime local temperature by direct measurement~~, ~~PET calculation or modelling (°C), or by PMV-PPD calculation (unitless value) Green urban infrastructure can significantly affect climate change adaptation by reducing air~~ and surface temperatures with the help of shading and through increased evapotranspiration. Conversely, green urban infrastructure can also provide insulation from cold and/or shelter from wind, thereby reducing heating requirements (Cheng, Cheung, & Chu, 2010). By moderating the urban microclimate, green infrastructure can support a reduction in energy use and improved thermal comfort (Demuzere et al., ~~2014). https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf~~		*Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)
	~~Heatwave Risk Metric: number of combined hot nights (>20°C)~~ and ~~hot days (>35°C) Heatwave is~~ a ~~period~~ of ~~prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heatwaves can be characterized by low humidity, which may exacerbate drought, or high humidity~~, which may exacerbate the health effects of heat-related stress such as heat exhaustion, dehydration and heatstroke. Heatwaves in Europe are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, climate change is expected to ~~increase average summer temperatures and the frequency and intensity~~ of ~~hot days (Russo et al., 2014).~~		*City Data Platform
	~~Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect Metric: (°C/°F) This indicator focuses on~~ the ~~urban heat island (UHI) effect~~, ~~wherein a significant difference is observed in air temperature between the city and its surroundings. The UHI effect is caused by the absorption of sunlight by (stony) materials~~, ~~reduced evaporation and the emission~~ of ~~heat caused by human activities. The UHI effect is greatest after sunset and reported to reach up to 9°C in some cities, e.g., Rotterdam (Van Hove et al., 2015)~~.		*Public Wireless / Broadband
	~~Strategies.~~		*Cybersecurity and Privacy
	~~Reducing extreme heat and heatwaves in urban areas is an urgent task~~ for ~~many cities~~ and ~~communities given the increasing intensity of heatwaves as~~ a ~~result of climate change. Below are some strategies cities can consider:~~		*Public Safety
	~~Urban Greening: Increasing the number of trees, plants, and green spaces in a city can help to reduce temperatures. This is because vegetation reduces heat through~~ a ~~process known as "evapotranspiration”~~ and ~~provides shade that cools the surrounding areas~~. ~~Additionally~~, ~~green roofs and walls can be used to cool buildings and further reduce temperatures. Urban forests also contribute to carbon sequestration~~, ~~thus mitigating climate change.~~		*Agriculture and Rural
	~~Urban Planning and Design: Implement strategies to reduce~~ the heat island effect. This includes constructing buildings with cool or green roofs, using lighter-coloured materials in pavements and other urban infrastructure to reflect more sunlight, and ensuring that buildings are adequately spaced to allow for airflow.		*Smart Buildings
	~~Water Features: The introduction of water features such as ponds, fountains, and artificial lakes can help to reduce urban heat through evaporative cooling.~~		*Education
	~~Improved Building Design: Increasing~~ the energy efficiency of buildings can reduce the need for air conditioning, which is a significant contributor to urban heat. Passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation, shading, and insulation can be very effective in this regard.		*Health and Thriving Communities
	~~Community Education and Behavior Change: Educating residents about the impacts~~ of ~~heatwaves and how to stay cool can help to mitigate~~ the ~~health impacts of extreme heat. Encouraging behavioral changes such as reducing energy use~~ during ~~peak times can also help to reduce heat production.~~		Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,
	~~Infrastructure Adaptation: Adopting heat-resilient infrastructure such as thermally comfortable public transportation, cooling centers~~, and ~~shaded public spaces can protect vulnerable populations during heatwaves.~~		and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving
	~~Early Warning Systems~~ and ~~Heat-Health~~ Action ~~Plans: Implementing robust heat-health warning systems can alert~~ the ~~public when heatwaves are expected, allowing them to take precautions. These systems need to be linked to heat~~-~~health action plans that detail how to respond to these warnings.~~		the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.
	~~Climate-sensitive Urban Development: New development projects must take into consideration future climate conditions including rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves.~~
	~~Engagement with stakeholders: Partnering with local communities~~, ~~businesses~~, ~~non-profits, and other stakeholders to implement these measures can ensure they are successful~~ and ~~tailored to local needs.~~		The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program
	~~Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives~~ for ~~energy-efficient design~~, ~~or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.~~		within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial
	~~It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity~~, and ~~improving residents' well-being~~.		work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities
			and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart
			technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.

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	Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.		Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.
	It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.		It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.

	~~Alarm systems and sensors technologies for warning about extreme heat~~
	Extreme heat warning systems typically involve a combination of meteorological equipment and data analysis to predict high-temperature events. They are typically larger-scale systems employed by meteorological institutions. Here are the primary types of systems:
	1. Weather Stations: They play a crucial role in detecting environmental changes, including temperature. They are equipped with various sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and more.
	2. Remote Sensing Systems: Satellites equipped with thermal sensors can monitor the Earth's surface temperature and other climatic parameters. These systems can provide comprehensive, global coverage, enabling scientists to identify potential heatwaves.
	3. Heat Health Warning Systems (HHWS): These systems use weather forecast data to predict upcoming periods of extreme heat that could have impacts on human health. HHWS can issue warnings several days in advance of a heat event, allowing authorities to take action to protect vulnerable populations.
	4. Automated Weather Sensors: These are designed to capture weather data at frequent intervals and transmit the data to a central system for analysis. This can include temperature data that is used to forecast heatwaves.
	5. Internet of Things (IoT) Devices: These devices can help monitor and control the indoor environment. For instance, smart thermostats can detect high temperatures and adjust accordingly to ensure a comfortable indoor climate.
	~~6. Weather Apps and Notifications: Many smartphone applications use meteorological data to provide users with timely alerts about extreme weather conditions, including extreme heat.~~
	7. Environmental Monitoring Systems: These systems monitor various environmental factors, including temperature, in sensitive areas like data centers, manufacturing plants, and warehouses. When the temperature exceeds a set threshold, the system can trigger an alarm or notification.

	Extreme heat warning systems are often part of a larger environmental monitoring effort that includes monitoring other meteorological phenomena, and extreme heat warnings often rely on accurate weather forecasting models as well. Response to these warnings often involves community-based heatwave action plans, especially in areas that are prone to high temperatures

	~~Case Studies:~~
	~~Several cities worldwide have successfully used tools and implemented strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heat and heat waves. Here are some examples:~~
	~~San Francisco The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQR) https://onesanfrancisco.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/HAQR-230522.pdf~~
	San Francisco’s “The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQR)” establishes a framework to address current local extreme heat and wildfire smoke events while preparing for future ones. It is the first comprehensive approach to identify and address the public health and infrastructure impacts of extreme heat and wildfire smoke. Foundational to the approach is an understanding that these health impacts are inequitably distributed.

	~~Lanna school~~
	~~https://healthydesign.city/ data on in Canadian cities https://healthyplan.city/en~~
	Healthy Design City is a digital tool that draws on robust open-source datasets to provide nationally-consistent indicators of tree cover and health and equitability at a neighbourhood level of the urban built environments across Canada.


	Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne has an Urban Forest Strategy https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/greening-the-city/urban-forest/Pages/urban-forest.aspx aiming to double the tree canopy cover to 40% by 2040. The city also has a Cooling Melbourne Strategy to help tackle increasing heatwaves, focusing on creating green and cool roofs, walls, and facades, increasing urban forests, and using water-sensitive urban design for cooling.

	Stuttgart, Germany: Stuttgart has developed a sophisticated system of "climate maps" and "climate function maps" “https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/climate-analysis-map-for-the” to inform urban planning. This includes creating wind corridors to improve airflow and reduce heat build-up, and preserving and creating green spaces for cooling.

	Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo introduced the "Tokyo Green Building Program" https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/about_us/videos_documents/documents_1.files/green_building.pdf#:~:text=The%20Tokyo%20Green%20Building%20Program%20is%20designed%20to,environment%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cmitigation%20of%20the%20heat%20island%20phenomenon.%E2%80%9D requiring all large new buildings to install green roofs, solar panels, or other heat-reducing features. The city is also expanding its urban green spaces and street trees.

	New York City, USA: The NYC CoolRoofs https://climate.cityofnewyork.us/initiatives/nyc-cool-roofs/ initiative encourages building owners to coat their rooftops with a white, reflective surface to reduce building temperatures. The city's OneNYC 2050 strategy aims to have a park within walking distance of every resident, further contributing to urban cooling. New York also has an extensive network of cooling centers for use during extreme heat events. Sign in to NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency

	Paris, France: After the deadly 2003 heatwave, Paris developed an ambitious adaptation strategy “paris-1325.pdf (stanford.edu)” which includes creating green roofs and walls, planting trees, and redesigning public spaces to include more vegetation and shade. It also has a comprehensive Heatwave Plan that includes warning systems and cooling centers.

	Ahmedabad, India: In response to a heatwave that claimed over a thousand lives in 2010, Ahmedabad developed a Heat Action Plan https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Ahmedabad-Heat-Action-Plan-2019?language=en_US , which is now a model for other Indian cities. The plan includes an early warning system, public awareness campaigns, and a coordinated inter-agency response plan.

	Chicago, USA: Chicago has one of the most extensive green roof programs CHICAGO GREEN ROOF PROGRAM (inhabitat.com) https://inhabitat.com/chicago-green-roof-program/ in the U.S., including a green roof on City Hall. The city's climate action plan also emphasizes the importance of increasing tree canopy and green spaces.

	These examples show how cities of different sizes and climates can implement strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heatwaves. Each city has unique circumstances and capacities, so strategies should be tailored to local conditions and needs.

Jskopek at 19:03, July 25, 2023

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	Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.		Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.
	It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.		It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.

			Alarm systems and sensors technologies for warning about extreme heat
			Extreme heat warning systems typically involve a combination of meteorological equipment and data analysis to predict high-temperature events. They are typically larger-scale systems employed by meteorological institutions. Here are the primary types of systems:
			1. Weather Stations: They play a crucial role in detecting environmental changes, including temperature. They are equipped with various sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and more.
			2. Remote Sensing Systems: Satellites equipped with thermal sensors can monitor the Earth's surface temperature and other climatic parameters. These systems can provide comprehensive, global coverage, enabling scientists to identify potential heatwaves.
			3. Heat Health Warning Systems (HHWS): These systems use weather forecast data to predict upcoming periods of extreme heat that could have impacts on human health. HHWS can issue warnings several days in advance of a heat event, allowing authorities to take action to protect vulnerable populations.
			4. Automated Weather Sensors: These are designed to capture weather data at frequent intervals and transmit the data to a central system for analysis. This can include temperature data that is used to forecast heatwaves.
			5. Internet of Things (IoT) Devices: These devices can help monitor and control the indoor environment. For instance, smart thermostats can detect high temperatures and adjust accordingly to ensure a comfortable indoor climate.
			6. Weather Apps and Notifications: Many smartphone applications use meteorological data to provide users with timely alerts about extreme weather conditions, including extreme heat.
			7. Environmental Monitoring Systems: These systems monitor various environmental factors, including temperature, in sensitive areas like data centers, manufacturing plants, and warehouses. When the temperature exceeds a set threshold, the system can trigger an alarm or notification.

			Extreme heat warning systems are often part of a larger environmental monitoring effort that includes monitoring other meteorological phenomena, and extreme heat warnings often rely on accurate weather forecasting models as well. Response to these warnings often involves community-based heatwave action plans, especially in areas that are prone to high temperatures

			Case Studies:
			Several cities worldwide have successfully used tools and implemented strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heat and heat waves. Here are some examples:
			San Francisco The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQR) https://onesanfrancisco.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/HAQR-230522.pdf
			San Francisco’s “The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQR)” establishes a framework to address current local extreme heat and wildfire smoke events while preparing for future ones. It is the first comprehensive approach to identify and address the public health and infrastructure impacts of extreme heat and wildfire smoke. Foundational to the approach is an understanding that these health impacts are inequitably distributed.

			Lanna school
			https://healthydesign.city/ data on in Canadian cities https://healthyplan.city/en
			Healthy Design City is a digital tool that draws on robust open-source datasets to provide nationally-consistent indicators of tree cover and health and equitability at a neighbourhood level of the urban built environments across Canada.


			Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne has an Urban Forest Strategy https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/greening-the-city/urban-forest/Pages/urban-forest.aspx aiming to double the tree canopy cover to 40% by 2040. The city also has a Cooling Melbourne Strategy to help tackle increasing heatwaves, focusing on creating green and cool roofs, walls, and facades, increasing urban forests, and using water-sensitive urban design for cooling.

			Stuttgart, Germany: Stuttgart has developed a sophisticated system of "climate maps" and "climate function maps" “https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/climate-analysis-map-for-the” to inform urban planning. This includes creating wind corridors to improve airflow and reduce heat build-up, and preserving and creating green spaces for cooling.

			Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo introduced the "Tokyo Green Building Program" https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/about_us/videos_documents/documents_1.files/green_building.pdf#:~:text=The%20Tokyo%20Green%20Building%20Program%20is%20designed%20to,environment%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cmitigation%20of%20the%20heat%20island%20phenomenon.%E2%80%9D requiring all large new buildings to install green roofs, solar panels, or other heat-reducing features. The city is also expanding its urban green spaces and street trees.

			New York City, USA: The NYC CoolRoofs https://climate.cityofnewyork.us/initiatives/nyc-cool-roofs/ initiative encourages building owners to coat their rooftops with a white, reflective surface to reduce building temperatures. The city's OneNYC 2050 strategy aims to have a park within walking distance of every resident, further contributing to urban cooling. New York also has an extensive network of cooling centers for use during extreme heat events. Sign in to NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency

			Paris, France: After the deadly 2003 heatwave, Paris developed an ambitious adaptation strategy “paris-1325.pdf (stanford.edu)” which includes creating green roofs and walls, planting trees, and redesigning public spaces to include more vegetation and shade. It also has a comprehensive Heatwave Plan that includes warning systems and cooling centers.

			Ahmedabad, India: In response to a heatwave that claimed over a thousand lives in 2010, Ahmedabad developed a Heat Action Plan https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Ahmedabad-Heat-Action-Plan-2019?language=en_US , which is now a model for other Indian cities. The plan includes an early warning system, public awareness campaigns, and a coordinated inter-agency response plan.

			Chicago, USA: Chicago has one of the most extensive green roof programs CHICAGO GREEN ROOF PROGRAM (inhabitat.com) https://inhabitat.com/chicago-green-roof-program/ in the U.S., including a green roof on City Hall. The city's climate action plan also emphasizes the importance of increasing tree canopy and green spaces.

			These examples show how cities of different sizes and climates can implement strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heatwaves. Each city has unique circumstances and capacities, so strategies should be tailored to local conditions and needs.

Jskopek at 19:00, July 25, 2023

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	In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.		In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.

			Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Heat- KPIs
	*Transportation		Temperature- Metric: (°C/°F) is the most obvious indicator of the warming planet. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global temperature variation. Since the dawn of the industrial age the global average temperature had risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The consequences of this warming include more frequent and intense heatwaves and changes in weather patterns.
	*Utilities (~~Energy~~/~~Water~~/~~Waste Management~~)		Mean or peak daytime temperature Metric: Mean or peak daytime local temperature by direct measurement, PET calculation or modelling (°C), or by PMV-PPD calculation (unitless value) Green urban infrastructure can significantly affect climate change adaptation by reducing air and surface temperatures with the help of shading and through increased evapotranspiration. Conversely, green urban infrastructure can also provide insulation from cold and/or shelter from wind, thereby reducing heating requirements (Cheng, Cheung, & Chu, 2010). By moderating the urban microclimate, green infrastructure can support a reduction in energy use and improved thermal comfort (Demuzere et al., 2014). https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf
	*City Data Platform		Heatwave Risk Metric: number of combined hot nights (>20°C) and hot days (>35°C) Heatwave is a period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heatwaves can be characterized by low humidity, which may exacerbate drought, or high humidity, which may exacerbate the health effects of heat-related stress such as heat exhaustion, dehydration and heatstroke. Heatwaves in Europe are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase average summer temperatures and the frequency and intensity of hot days (Russo et al., 2014).
	*Public Wireless / Broadband		Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect Metric: (°C/°F) This indicator focuses on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, wherein a significant difference is observed in air temperature between the city and its surroundings. The UHI effect is caused by the absorption of sunlight by (stony) materials, reduced evaporation and the emission of heat caused by human activities. The UHI effect is greatest after sunset and reported to reach up to 9°C in some cities, e.g., Rotterdam (Van Hove et al., 2015).
	*Cybersecurity and ~~Privacy~~		Strategies.
	*Public Safety		Reducing extreme heat and heatwaves in urban areas is an urgent task for many cities and communities given the increasing intensity of heatwaves as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies cities can consider:
	*Agriculture and ~~Rural~~		Urban Greening: Increasing the number of trees, plants, and green spaces in a city can help to reduce temperatures. This is because vegetation reduces heat through a process known as "evapotranspiration” and provides shade that cools the surrounding areas. Additionally, green roofs and walls can be used to cool buildings and further reduce temperatures. Urban forests also contribute to carbon sequestration, thus mitigating climate change.
	*Smart Buildings		Urban Planning and Design: Implement strategies to reduce the heat island effect. This includes constructing buildings with cool or green roofs, using lighter-coloured materials in pavements and other urban infrastructure to reflect more sunlight, and ensuring that buildings are adequately spaced to allow for airflow.
	*Education		Water Features: The introduction of water features such as ponds, fountains, and artificial lakes can help to reduce urban heat through evaporative cooling.
	*Health and ~~Thriving Communities~~		Improved Building Design: Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings can reduce the need for air conditioning, which is a significant contributor to urban heat. Passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation, shading, and insulation can be very effective in this regard.
	~~Collectively~~, ~~these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city~~ and ~~technology developer teams~~,		Community Education and Behavior Change: Educating residents about the impacts of heatwaves and how to stay cool can help to mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat. Encouraging behavioral changes such as reducing energy use during peak times can also help to reduce heat production.
	and a ~~portfolio~~ of ~~over 130 Smart City Applications~~, ~~each~~ of ~~which contributes~~ to ~~some aspect~~ of ~~improving~~		Infrastructure Adaptation: Adopting heat-resilient infrastructure such as thermally comfortable public transportation, cooling centers, and shaded public spaces can protect vulnerable populations during heatwaves.
	the ~~resilience~~, ~~health~~, ~~safety~~, ~~or quality of life within a connected community~~.		Early Warning Systems and Heat-Health Action Plans: Implementing robust heat-health warning systems can alert the public when heatwaves are expected, allowing them to take precautions. These systems need to be linked to heat-health action plans that detail how to respond to these warnings.
			Climate-sensitive Urban Development: New development projects must take into consideration future climate conditions including rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves.
	~~The next section offers a general approach~~ for ~~designing~~ and ~~implementing~~ a ~~Smart Public Safety Program~~		Engagement with stakeholders: Partnering with local communities, businesses, non-profits, and other stakeholders to implement these measures can ensure they are successful and tailored to local needs.
	~~within~~ a ~~Smart~~ and ~~Connected Community~~. ~~Like this Blueprint~~, ~~itself~~, the ~~approach~~ is ~~based on~~ the ~~initial~~		Policy Interventions: City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.
	~~work~~ of the ~~PSSC~~ during ~~its first year~~, and ~~will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities~~		It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.
	and Action ~~Clusters~~, ~~based on the real~~-~~world experience of developing~~, ~~piloting~~, and ~~implementing smart~~
	~~technology applications~~ for ~~public safety~~, ~~disaster response and recovery~~, and ~~community resilience~~.

Jskopek at 18:58, July 25, 2023

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	[[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg\|center\|1000px\|thumb\|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]

	~~After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no~~
	~~shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community~~
	~~resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience~~
	frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf\|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf\|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].

	~~Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed~~
	~~to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard~~
	~~in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic~~
	~~structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is~~
	~~framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)~~
	~~such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic~~
	~~stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.~~

	~~The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to~~
	~~self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities~~
	~~Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to~~
	~~support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.~~

	~~[[File:10 essentials image.jpg\|center\|800px\|thumb\|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]~~

	~~As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:~~
	*Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;
	*Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;
	*Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.
	~~=Planning Strategies=~~
	~~A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,~~
	~~healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially~~
	~~having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these~~
	~~systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.~~

	~~A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,~~
	~~other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,~~
	~~local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in~~
	~~conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key~~
	~~city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more~~
	~~resilient cities.~~

	~~Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:~~
	*As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;
	*As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;
	*As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.
	*In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:
	**Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;
	**Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.

	~~Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf\|Cities completing the~~
	~~detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed~~
	~~assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.~~

	~~While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –~~
	~~use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.~~
	~~Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future~~
	~~revisions and tracking of progress;~~
	*Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;
	*Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;
	*Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;
	*The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.
	*The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.
	*The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.
	~~=Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=~~
	The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:
	*Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;
	*Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;
	*Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;
	*Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.

	~~In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the~~
	~~range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.~~
	~~Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology~~
	~~insertion:~~
	*Transportation		*Transportation
	*Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)		*Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)